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Q:
What changes would be expected in the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the presence of excessive blood loss?a. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will increase.b. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will decreasec. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will remain constantd. The ventilation-perfusion ratio initially decreases will increase then will decrease dramatically
Q:
When a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio occurs, which of the following changes will occur:I. PAO2 will increaseII. PAO2 will decreaseIII. PACO2 will increaseIV. PACO2 will decreaseV. pH will decreasea. II ,III, and V only b. 1, III, and V only c. II and IV onlyd. I, IV, and V only
Q:
In the upright position, which region of the right lung would have the lowest ventilation-perfusion ratio?a. lower lobe b. upper lobe c. middle lobed. hilum
Q:
In the upright position, which portion of the right lung would have the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio?a. apex of upper lobe b. lower lobe c. middle lobed. hilum
Q:
What is the term for the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary blood flow?a. ventilation-perfusion ratio b. respiratory exchange ratio c. respiratory quotientd. respiratory rate
Q:
What does the overall ventilation perfusion ratio equal in a healthy adult?a. 0.8 b. 0.6 c. 0.4d. 0.25
Q:
What would the RQ equal if the volume of CO2 produced was 220 mL/min and the volume of O2 consumed was 300 mL/min?a. 1.36 b. 0.73 c. 0.88d. 0.66
Q:
What would the ventilation-perfusion ratio equal if pulmonary capillary blood flow equals 4 L/min and the minute alveolar ventilation equals 5 L/min?a. 1.25 b. 0.8 c. 1.0d. 0.66
Q:
What would the ventilation-perfusion ratio equal if the pulmonary blood flow is 5.4 L/min and the alveolar tidal volume is 350 mL, and the respiratory rate is 12/min?a. 0.78 b. 0.85 c. 0.66d. 0.54
Q:
Which of the following conditions would result in an increased ETCO2?I. SeizuresII. HyperthermiaIII. HemorrhageIV. Pulmonary embolia. I and II only b. I, II, and III only c. I and III onlyd. II, III, and IV only
Q:
Which of the following will result in a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?I. AsthmaII. EmphysemaaIII. Pulmonary fibrosisIV. Pulmonary embolia. I, II, and III only b. I, II, and IV only c. 1, II, III, and IVd. II, III, and IV only
Q:
Which of the following conditions would result in an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?I. Pulmonary emboliII. Pulmonary HypertensionIII. PneumothoraxIV. Cardiac arresta. I, II, III, IV b. I. II, and III only c. I, and III onlyd. II, III, and IV only
Q:
Following emergency endotracheal intubation, what would an ETCO2 of zero indicate?a. esophageal tube placement b. correct endotracheal placement c. right mainstem placementd. left mainstem placement
Q:
Which waveform on a capnogram is characteristic of bronchospasm that occurs during a severe asthmatic episode?a. shark-fin b. sine wave c. sawtoothd. square wave
Q:
Which acid base abnormality is present if the base excess is calculated to be -9 mEq/L?a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which acid base abnormality is present if the ABG revealed a pH of 7.63, PaCO2 of 27 mmHg, and HCO3- of 31 mEq/L?a. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosisb. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisc. metabolic alkalosisd. respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which acid base abnormality results from hypokalemia?a. metabolic alkalosisb. metabolic acidosisc. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisd. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which of the following are causes of metabolic alkalosis?I. HypochloremiaII. Excessive vomitingIII. Severe diarrheaIV. Diuretic therapya. I, II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. II and III onlyd. I, II, and III only
Q:
Which acid-base abnormality would be present if the ABG revealed a pH of 7.52, PaCO2 42, and HCO3- of 30 mEq/L?a. metabolic alkalosisb. metabolic acidosisc. respiratory alkalosisd. combined respiratory and metabolic alkalosis
Q:
What is the interpretation of the acid base status for the following ABG: pH 7.08. PaCO2 75 mmHg, HCO3- 20 mEq/La. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosisc. acute metabolic acidosisd. acute respiratory acidosis
Q:
A semi-conscious patient with a severe asthma episode continues to deteriorate clinically in ER and does not respond to treatment. Which acid base abnormality would you expect to be present?a. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. respiratory acidosisc. metabolic acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which acid base abnormality would likely occur in a patient with acute ventilatory failure who has a complete cardiac and respiratory arrest?a. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. metabolic acidosisc. respiratory acidosisd. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which of the following would occur in partially compensated metabolic acidosis?a. pH, PaCO2, and HCO3- would be below normal limitsb. pH would be normal and PaCO2 and HCO3- would be below normal limitsc. pH would be above normal limits and PaCO2 and HCO3- would be below normal ranged. pH would be above normal limits, PaCO2 would be above normal range, and HCO3- would be below normal range
Q:
Which acid base abnormality is suspected when a patient presents with Kussmaul's breathing and a fruity breath odor?a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis
Q:
Which of the following are causes of metabolic acidosis?I. Diabetic ketoacidosisII. Salicylate intoxicationIII. Severe diarrheaIV. Renal failurea. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II and III only c. I and III onlyd. II and III only
Q:
What is the alternate name of the acid base abnormality resulting from a decreased HCO3-?a. hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosisb. hypernatremic metabolic alkalosisc. hyperchloremic metabolic acidosisd. hypernatremic metabolic acidosis
Q:
What does an anion gap of 18 mEq/L indicate?a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosisd. lab error
Q:
What is the normal range for the anion gap (in mEq/L)?a. 9-14 b. 5-8 c. 15-18d. 18-21
Q:
What is the most common cause of an elevated anion gap?a. accumulation of fixed acids in the blood b. depletion of fixed acids from the blood c. hypoventilationd. hyperventilation
Q:
Why does a patient with CO poisoning have cherry red skin coloring instead of cyanosis?a. CO rapidly fills sites on the hemoglobin where oxygen normally attaches. The high level of carboxyhemoglobin and saturated hemoglobin results in the red colorationb. CO poisons the hemoglobin and chemical alters the erythrocyte making it incapable of carrying oxygen. The red color is due to compensatory polycythemia which occurs immediately.c. CO causes the hemoglobin molecule to break apart. The red coloration is from the hemoglobin fragments under the skind. Patients with CO posioning hyperventilate so the red coloration is due to the increased WOB
Q:
What are the most commonly measured anions in the anion gap?a. chloride and bicarbonate b. sodium and chloride c. bicarbonate and sodiumd. bicarbonate and potassium
Q:
What of the following can be used to determine the underlying cause of metabolic acidosis?a. anion gap b. ABG c. urinalysisd. liver enzyme panel
Q:
What acid base abnormality would be expected in third trimester pregnancy?a. chronic alveolar hyperventilation b. acute alveolar hyperventilation c. acute ventilatory failured. chronic ventilatory failure
Q:
What changes would you expect in acid base balance in acute metabolic acidosis?a. pH and HCO3- below normalb. pH would be below normal range and HCO3- would be normalc. pH would be below normal and HCO3- would be above normal limitsd. pH and HCO3- would be above normal limits
Q:
When chronic alveolar hyperventialtion is completely compensated, which of the following would occur?a. PaCO2 will be lower than normal, pH will be within normal range, and HCO3- will be lower than normalb. PaCO2 will be lower than normal, pH will be higher than normal normal range, and HCO3- will be lower than normalc. PaCO2 will be lower than normal, pH will be lower than normal range, and HCO3- will be lower than normald. PaCO2 and pH will be within normal limits and HCO3 will be below normal
Q:
How does the body correct for alveolar hyperventilation?a. metabolic acidosisb. metabolic alkalosisc. respiatory acidosisd. It can"t without the adminsitartion of supplemental oxygen
Q:
What is the most common cause of acute respiratory alkalosis?a. hypoxemia b. pain c. fear and anxietyd. pneumothorax
Q:
Which of the following are associated with acute alveolar hyperventilation with hypoxemia?I. PneumoniaII. Pulmonary EdemaIII. ARDSIV. Pain, anxiety and feara. I, II, and III b. I , II, III, and IV c. I, II and III onlyd. II, III, and IV only
Q:
When acute alveolar hyperventilation is present, which of the following would occur?a. PaCO2 is below normal limits, pH is above normal limits, and HCO3- is within normal limitsb. PaCO2 is below normal limits and pH and HCO3- are within normal limitsc. PaCO2 is below normal limits, pH is above normal, and HCO3- is above normal limitsd. PaCO2, pH and HCO3 are all below normal limits
Q:
What is an alternate term for acute alveolar hyperventilation?a. respiratory alkalosis b. respiratory acidosis c. metabolic acidosisd. metabolic alkalosis
Q:
Which of the following can cause acute ventilatory failure?I. Guillian-Barre syndromeII. General anesthesiaIII. Head traumaIV. Myasthenia gravisa. I, II, III, and IV b. I and IV only c. II and III onlyd. I, II, and IV only
Q:
What is the fourth leading cause of death in the USA?a. COPD b. cardiovascular disease c. cancerd. diabetes
Q:
Which of the following conditions are associated with chronic ventilatory failure?I. COPDII. HistoplasmosisIII. KyphoscoliosisIV. Chronic tuberculosisa. I, II, III, and IV b. I only c. I, II, and III onlyd. I and IV only
Q:
When chronic ventilatory failure with complete renal compensation is present, which of the following will be within normal limits?I. PaCO2II. pHIII. HCO3-a. II only b. I , II, and III c. I and II onlyd. II and III only
Q:
What is another term for acute respiratory acidosis?a. acute ventilatory failure b. acute alveolar hyperventilation c. chronic alveolar hyperventilationd. chronic ventilatory failure
Q:
When acute ventilatory failure with complete partial renal compensation is present, which of the following would be true?a. PCO2 above normal range, pH within normal range, HCO3 above normal rangeb. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3- within normal rangec. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3-above normal ranged. PCO2 above normal, pH within normal range, HCO3 below normal range
Q:
When partially compensated respiratory acidosis is present, which of the following would be true?a. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3-above normal rangeb. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3- within normal rangec. PCO2 above normal range, pH within normal range, HCO3 within normal ranged. PCO2 above normal, pH within normal range, HCO3 below normal range
Q:
When acute ventilatory failure is present, which of the following would be true?a. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3- within normal rangeb. PCO2 above normal range, pH below normal range, HCO3-above normal rangec. PCO2 above normal range, pH within normal range, HCO3 within normal ranged. PCO2 above normal, pH within normal range, HCO3 below normal range
Q:
If the pH is 7.60 and the PaCO2 is 20 mmHg, what would the HCO3- equal if the "rule of thumb" is applied?a. 20 mEq/L b. 24 mEq/L c. 26 mEq/Ld. 28 mEq/L
Q:
How does the ability of carbonic acid in changing the blood pH compare to that of the bicarbonate ion?a. twenty times more powerful b. one-twentieth as powerful c. six times more powerfuld. one-sixth as powerful
Q:
Which of the following systems are capable of regulating alkaline substances in the blood and restoring chemical buffers used in managing the H+ levels in extracellular fluids?I. Phosphate buffer systemII. Protein buffer systemIII. Respiratory systemIV. Renal systema. IV only b. III only c. I and II onlyd. III and IV only
Q:
Which of the following systems are capable of eliminating fixed acids?I. Phosphate buffer systemII. Protein buffer systemIII. Respiratory systemIV. Renal systema. IV only b. III and IV only c. I and II onlyd. I, II, and IV only
Q:
What is the term for the situation that exists when the volume of CO2 eliminated from the lungs is less than the volume of CO2 produced at the tissue cells?a. hypoventilation b. hyperventilation c. hypoperfusiond. hyperperfusion
Q:
Which system has up to two times the buffering power of all of the chemical buffering systems combined?a. respiratory system b. renal system c. gastric buffering systemd. hepatic buffering system
Q:
In relationship to acid-base balance, which molecules can be amphoteric?a. protein molecules b. phosphate molecules c. hydoxyl moleculesd. bicarbonate molecules
Q:
What percentage ofthe buffering power of body fluids is found in intercellular proteins?a. 75% b. 50% c. 25%d. 10%
Q:
What is the body's most abundant buffering system?a. protein buffer systemb. phosphate buffer systemc. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer systemd. hepatic buffering system
Q:
Compared to the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system in extracellular fluid, how effective is the phosphate buffering sytem?a. about one-sixth as effective b. about 6 times more effective c. about twice as effectived. about half as effective
Q:
What are the primary components of the phosphate buffer system?I. sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphateII. sodium salts of monohydrogen phosphateIII. sodium salts of trihydrogen phosphatea. I and II only b. I, II, and III c. I onlyd. II and III only
Q:
If the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio is 30 and the log of 30 equals 1.48), what would the pH equal?a. pH would be 7.58 b. pH would be 7.48 c. pH would be 7.148d. insufficent information to calculate
Q:
If the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio is 15 and the log 15 equals 1.176), what would the pH equal?a. pH would be 7.28 b. pH would be 7.18 c. pH would be 7.58d. insufficent information to calculate
Q:
In the H-H equation, what value can be substituted for carbonic acid?a. PCO2 x 0.03 b. PCO2 x 0.301 c. PCO2 x 0.003d. PCO2 x 3
Q:
Under normal conditions what does pK equal?a. 6.1 b. 20.1 c. 4.1d. 5.1
Q:
Under normal conditions, what is the ratio between bicarbonate ions and H2CO3 in arterial blood?a. 20:1 b. 1:20 c. 10:1d. 1:10
Q:
What substances are released when carbonic acid dissociates?a. bicarbonate ions and H+ b. bicarbonate ions and OH- c. bicarbonate ions and proteinsd. bicarbonate ions and water
Q:
What is the term for the ability of an acid-base mixture to resist sudden changes in pH?a. buffer action b. ionization rate c. dissociation coefficientd. ionization coefficient
Q:
What does the chemical formula (OH-) represent?a. hydroxide ion b. hydrogen ion c. bicarbonate iond. phosphate ion
Q:
How would the pH of pure water be expressed?a. 10 -7 mol/L b. 7 -10 mol/L c. 0d. 107 mol/L
Q:
What is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration?a. pH b. HCO3- c. acidd. buffer
Q:
Which of the following are considered to be weak bases?I. Bicarbonate ionII. Sodium HydroxideIII. Magnesium Hydroxidea. I only b. I, II, and III c. II and III onlyd. I and III only
Q:
What is defined as a proton acceptor?a. base b. acid c. bufferd. protein
Q:
Which of the following are examples of weak acids?I. Acetic acidII. Hydrochloric acidIII. Carbonic acida. I and III only b. II only c. I, II, and IIId. II and III only
Q:
What is the term for substance that dissociates completely in water to liberate all of the H+?a. strong acid b. weak acid c. strong based. weak base
Q:
What directly relates to the acidity of a solution ?a. concentration of free protons b. concentration of bound protons c. concentration of free electronsd. concentration of bound anions
Q:
Which of the following is defined as a proton donor?a. acid b. base c. bufferd. protein
Q:
What is the body's most effective acid-base balance monitor and regulator?a. renal system b. respiratory system c. ponsd. peripheral chemoreceptors
Q:
Which of the follwoing are components of the chemical buffer system?I. Carbonic-acid buffer systemII. Phosphate buffer systemIII. Protein buffer systema. I, II, and III b. I only c. I and II onlyd. I and III only
Q:
What is the first line of defense in acid-base regulation?a. chemical buffer system b. respiratory system c. renal systemd. hepatic system
Q:
What does an arterial pH of 7.30 indicate?a. acidosis or acidemia b. alkalosis or alkalemia c. normal arterial valued. insufficient information to assess
Q:
What does an arterial pH of 7.48 indicate?a. alkalosis or aklalemia b. acidosis or acidemia c. normal pHd. insufficient information to assess