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Q:
Which pulmonary measurement is most frequently used in the home setting?a. PEFR b. SVC c. MVVd. FEF 25-75%
Q:
Which of the following can decrease the FEF 200-1200 ?I. Obstructive disordersII. Restrictive disordersIII. Agea. I, II, and III b. I and III only c. I onlyd. II and III only
Q:
Which pulmonary measurement provides a reflection of the integrity of the large airway function?a. FEF 200-1200 b. FEF 25-75% c. FVCd. MVV
Q:
What is the normal FEF25-75% for a healthy 20 year old male?a. 270 L/min b. 210 L/min c. 370 L/mind. 310 L/min
Q:
Which pulmonary measurement reflects the status of the medium to small airways?a. FEF25-75% b. MVV c. FEF200-1200d. FVC
Q:
In addition to bedside spirometry, what additional information can useful to help differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders and their severity and help formulate a therapeutic plan?I. HistoryII. Chest X-rayIII. ABGIV. Comprehensive pulmonary function studya. I, II, III, and IV b. I and IV only c. I , II, and IV onlyd. I and II only
Q:
In GOLD (Global Initiative for COPD), which pulmonary measurements are used to assess the severity of COPD?a. FEV1 and FEV1/FVC b. FEV1 and TLC c. FVC and PEFRd. FEV1 and FEF200-1200
Q:
In the Global Initiative for COPD, which category of COPD is considered severe COPD?a. Stage III b. Stage IV c. Stage IId. Stage I
Q:
Which tests are used to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders?a. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio b. FEV1, MVV, and TLC c. FEV1, FVC, FRCd. MVV, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio
Q:
What is considered to be the minimum acceptable FEV1/FVC ratio for older adults?a. 65% b. 75% c. 83%d. 90%
Q:
In a healthy adult, what percent of the total FVC should be exhaled in 2 seconds?a. 94% b. 97% c. 83%d. 75%
Q:
In a healthy adult, what percent of the total FVC should be exhaled in 0.5 seconds?a. 60% b. 75% c. 83%d. 94%
Q:
For the FEVT, what is the most frequently used time interval?a. 1 second b. 0.5 second c. 2 secondd. 3 second
Q:
In which of the following disorders would the TET during an FVC likely be increased?I. AsthmaII. Cystic fibrosisIII. PneumoniaIV. Pulmonary fibrosisa. I and II only b. I, II, III, and IV c. III and IV onlyd. I, II and III only
Q:
Which test is the most commonly performed pulmonary function measurement?a. FVC b. SVC c. MVVd. Flow-volume loop
Q:
In a healthy adult, what is the average time required to exhale during a FVC maneuver?a. 4-6 seconds b. 1-3 seconds c. 7-9 secondsd. 10-12 seconds
Q:
In which test would the patient be instructed to exhale as forcefully, rapidly, and completely as possible after taking in a maximal inspiration?a. FVC b. SVC c. MVVd. FIC
Q:
Which test/method is considered most accurate for measuring RV?a. plethysmography b. open circuit nitrogen washout c. closed circuit helium dilutiond. X-ray
Q:
What gas or gas mixture does a patient breathe when the body plethysmography method is used?a. room air b. 100% N2 c. 100% O2d. He-O2 mixture
Q:
In the open circuit washout method, what gas mixture does the patient breathe for the test?a. 100% O2 b. 100% N2 c. room aird. He-O2 mixture
Q:
In the closed circuit helium dilution method, approximately how long will the patient breathe a helium mixture?a. 7 minutes b. 1-2 deep breaths c. 12 secondsd. 15 minutes
Q:
Which of the following is derived from closed circuit helium dilution method?a. RV b. VC c. ICd. ERV
Q:
Which of the following are examples of restrictive lung disorders?I. Flail chestII. EmphysemaIII. Pleural effusionIV. Cystic fibrosisa. I and III only b. II and IV only c. I, II and IV onlyd. I, II, III, and IV
Q:
What is the best indicator of an obstructive lung disorder?a. FEV1/FVC b. TLC c. FRCd. FEF200-1200
Q:
Which lung volumes or capacities would decrease in a restrictive pulmonary disorder?I. ICII. VCIII. TLCIV. VTa. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II, and III only c. II, III, and IV onlyd. I and II only
Q:
Which lung volumes or capacities would decrease in an obstructive pulmonary disorder?I. ICII. VCIII. IRVIV. ERVa. I, II, III, and IV only b. I, III, and IV only c. II, III, and IV onlyd. I and II only
Q:
Which lung volumes or capacities would increase in an obstructive pulmonary disorder?I. VTII. VCIII. FRCIV. RVa. I, III, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. II, III, and IV onlyd. III and IV only
Q:
In a healthy young male, what would the sum of VC + RV equal in mL?a. 6000 mL b. 7200 mL c. 4800 mLd. 3600 mL
Q:
In a healthy young male, what would the sum of IRV + ERV + VT equal in mLa. 4800 mL b. 3600 mL c. 6000 mLd. 2400 mL
Q:
In a healthy 20 year old male, what would the FRC equal?a. 2.4 L or 2400 mL b. 1.2 L or 1200 mL c. 3.6 L or 3600 mLd. 4.8 L or 4800 mL
Q:
Which lung volume or capacity is the maximum amount of air that the lungs can accomodate?a. TLC b. VC c. IRVd. FRC
Q:
Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal expiration?a. IC b. VC c. TLCd. IRV
Q:
Which one of the lung capacites is the smallest?a. FRC b. IC c. TLCd. VC
Q:
Which lung volume or capacity remains in the lungs after a normal expiration?a. FRC b. ERV c. RVd. VC
Q:
Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration?a. VC b. TLC c. IRVd. FRC
Q:
What is the term for the lung volume or capacity moved in or out in one resting breath?a. VT b. RV c. VCd. ERV
Q:
Which volume or capacity remains in the lungs after a forced exhalation?a. RV b. FRC c. ERVd. IC
Q:
Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the amount of gas that can forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume?a. ERV b. IRV c. RVd. FRC
Q:
In a healthy individual, which of the lung volumes is the largest?a. IRV b. ERV c. VTd. RV
Q:
Which of the following can cause pulmonary surfactant deficiency?I. Pulmonary embolismII. Pulmonary edemaIII. AtelectasisIV. ARDSa. I, II, III, and IV b. II and IV only c. I , II, and III onlyd. II and III only
Q:
IWhen the average alveolus is fully distended,, what is the approximate surface tension?a. 50 dynes/cm b. 50 cm H20 c. 5-15 dynes/cmd. 5-15 cm H20
Q:
What is the primary surface tension lowering chemical in pulmonary surfactant?a. DPPC b. CPPD c. PCPd. BPD
Q:
Which substance in the alveoli is responsible for lowering the surface tension?a. pulmonary surfactant b. mucus c. salined. plasma
Q:
Who is credited with the following equation : P = (2ST)/r ?a. LaPlace b. Hooke c. Daltond. Boyle
Q:
What is the term for the molecular cohesive force at a liquid-gas interface?a. surface tension b. compliance c. resistanced. elastance
Q:
Which of the following are periods of no gas flow during negative pressure ventilation?I. InspirationII. End inspirationIII. ExpirationIV. End expirationa. II and IV only b. II only c. IV onlyd. I and III only
Q:
Which law best explains the basic operation of the negative pressure ventilator?a. Boyle's b. Dalton's c. Charles'd. Hooke's
Q:
When a tension pneumothorax occurs during positive pressure ventilation, how will the cardiac output and blood pressure affected?a. Both will decreaseb. Both will increasec. The cardiac output will increase but the BP will decreased. The BP will increase but the BP will decrease
Q:
When a positive pressure breath is delivered from a mechanical ventilator, how would intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures be affected during inspiration?a. Both would increaseb. The intra-alveolar pressure would rise while the intrapleural pressure remains subatmosphericc. Both would decreased. Both would remain constant at their resting levels
Q:
Which physical law explains elastance?a. Hooke's law b. Boyle's law c. Gay-Lussac's lawd. Charles' law
Q:
What is the reciprocal of compliance?a. elastance b. resistance c. surface tensiond. viscosity
Q:
Which of the following would shift the volume-pressure curve to the right?I. Acute asthma episodeII. PneumothoraxIII. Pleural effusionIV. Pulmonary edemaa. II, II, and IV only b. I, II, and IV only c. I. III and IV onlyd. Ii and IV only
Q:
What effect do restrictive lung diseases have on lung compliance?a. Lung compliance decreasesb. Lung compliance increasesc. Lung compliance remains normald. Restrictive lung diseases do not affect lung compliance.
Q:
How do obstructive lung diseases that cause air trapping affect lung compliance?a. Lung compliance is reducedb. Lung compliance is increasedc. Lung compliance remains normald. Lung compliance is unaffected by air trapping
Q:
How does air trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs affect lung compliance?a. lung compliance is reducedb. lung compliance is increasedc. lung compliance is normald. lung compliance is unaffected by hyperinflation
Q:
What would the lung compliance equal if a pressure change of 4 cm H20 resulted in a volume change of 600 mL?a. 0.15L/cm H20 b. 0.066 L/cm H20 c. 1.5 L/cm H20d. 0.24 L/cm H20
Q:
What of the following is used to calculate lung compliance?a. D V/ D P b. D P/ D V c. P1V1=P2V2d. P=(2ST) / r
Q:
Which clinical measurement is used to evaluate the elastic forces of the lungs?a. lung compliance b. airway resistance c. elastanced. surface tension
Q:
In a flail chest, which pressure gradients are responsible for the inward movement on inspiration of the section of unattached ribs?I. TranspulmonaryII. TransmuralIII.TransthoracicIV.Transrespiratorya. I and III only b. II and IV only c. I and II onlyd. II and III only
Q:
What is the term for the difference between the alveolar pressure and the body surface pressure?a. transthoracic pressure b. transmural pressure c. transrespiratory pressured. transpulmonary pressure
Q:
What is the term for the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure?a. transpulmonary pressure b. transmural pressure c. transrespiratory pressured. transthoracic pressure
Q:
What is the term for the pressure difference that occurs across the airway wall ?a. Transmural pressure b. Transrespiratory pressure c. Transpulmonary pressured. Transthoracic pressure
Q:
Which pressure is represented by Prs = PB- Palv ?a. transrespiratory pressure b. transmural pressure c. transthoracic pressured. transpulmonary pressure
Q:
What is the general term for the force required to move gas or fluid through a tube or vessel?a. driving pressure b. transmural pressure c. transpulmonary pressured. transthoracic pressure
Q:
What is the general term for the inward movement of tissue between the ribs during inspiration due to increased negative intrapleural pressure generated during respiratory distress?a. intercostal retractions b. pectus excavatum c. dyspnead. supraclavicular retractions
Q:
At what point in the respiratory cycle is the equilibrium point reached?I. InspirationII. End-inspirationIII. ExpirationIV. End-expirationa. II and IV only b. II only c. IV onlyd. 1 and III only
Q:
Which gas law states that at constant temperature, a volume of gas varies inversely proportional to its pressure?a. Boyle's b. Charles c. Gay-Lussac'sd. Henry's
Q:
At what point in the ventilatory cycle would the intra-alveolar pressure be higher than the atmospheric pressure?a. expiration b. end-expiration c. inspirationd. pre-inspiration
Q:
At sea level, what would the alveolar pressure at end-expiration equal?a. 760 mm Hg b. 764 mmHg c. 756 mm Hgd. 0 mm Hg
Q:
What is the general term for a pressure difference between two points in a system?a. pressure gradient b. diffusion c. system pressure variationd. osmotic gradient
Q:
At sea level under standard conditions, what would the PB equal in mm Hg ?a. 760 b. 1034 c. 14.7d. 29.9
Q:
What is the term for the movement of gas from the external environment to the alveoli ?a. ventilation b. external respiration c. internal respirationd. osmosis
Q:
What instrument is used to measure Patm ?a. barometer b. hygrometer c. altimeterd. dynameter
Q:
What is the only absolute way of confirming hyperventilation?a. monitor the PaCO2 b. assess the respiratory rate c. assess the tidal volumed. ask the patient
Q:
Which abnormal breathing pattern is most commonly associated with ketoacidosis?a. Kussmaul's b. Biot's c. Cheyne Stokesd. Hypopnea
Q:
In which breathing pattern is an individual only able to breathe comfortably in the upright position?a. orthopnea b. tachypnea c. eupnead. hyperpnea
Q:
What is the term for the breathing pattern in which the depth of breathing increases?a. hyperpnea b. tachypnea c. hyperventilationd. Kussmaul's
Q:
What is the term for a rapid respiratory rate?a. tachypnea b. hyperpnea c. hyperventilationd. eupnea
Q:
What is the term for the breathing condition in which short episodes of rapid, uniform deep breaths are followed by 10-30 seconds of apnea?a. Biot's b. Cheyne-Stokes c. Kussmaul'sd. Levy's
Q:
Which ventilatory pattern is defined as the complete absence of spontaneous breathing?a. apnea b. apneusis c. eupnead. dyspnea