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Q:
A client makes the following statement during a mental status assessment: "I can"t use the phones; the CIA has bugged all the wires." Which of the following categories will the nurse use to document the client's response?1. Orientation2. Content of thought3. Emotional state4. General behavior
Q:
The psychiatric examination includes a psychiatric history and a mental status assessment. When conducting the mental status assessment, the nurse:Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. Includes observations.2. Limits the assessment to verbal responses.3. Provides the client with a form to complete.4. May or may not follow a strict sequence.5. Uses a group format.
Q:
The nurse is talking with the family of a mentally ill client who lives with them. The client is being admitted to the inpatient psychiatric unit. What is the priority information to gather from the family?1. Whether the client had a flu shot recently2. The number of medications prescribed for the client3. How the client's symptoms are expressed at home4. The type of soap the client prefers to use
Q:
The nurse reviews the data family and friends provided in the comprehensive assessment of a client's situation. The nurse knows to treat the data as:1. Invalid until confirmed with the client.2. Subjective data.3. Primary data.4. Peripheral to the assessment.
Q:
As part of the comprehensive admission assessment, the nurse talks with family and friends who may contribute additional data to a client's psychiatric history. When reviewing the data obtained from these sources, the nurse keeps in mind which of the following perspectives of the data? The information provided:1. Will vary according to the source's relationship to the client.2. Comes from each individual's perspective.3. Is considered false.4. Is considered accurate.
Q:
A nurse who is admitting a client to the inpatient unit conducts a comprehensive assessment. How does the nurse use the data gathered from the assessment?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. To support nursing diagnoses2. To determine the length of stay3. To exclude data from secondary sources4. To plan appropriate interventions5. To make sound clinical judgments
Q:
A nursing student is working to develop assessment skills. The student knows that nurses utilize principles of assessment:1. Upon admission.2. Throughout hospitalization.3. At the point of entry to care.4. Prior to discharge.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the information the nurse will use to construct a nursing care plan?1. A mental status examination2. An intake assessment and reason for admission3. A psychiatric history and mental status examination4. A detailed psychiatric history
Q:
The nurse is admitting a client from the emergency room. Which of the following would be used to clarify the nurse's understanding of the client's chief complaint?1. "If you are bleeding, where is the blood?"2. "I feel your pain when I see you hold your side."3. "Are you saying you feel that you are bleeding inside?"4. "Don"t worry; we have the technology to take care of you."
Q:
When considering communication skills, the nurse caring for an older client anticipates that the client will:1. Interrupt frequently.2. Take longer to respond.3. Answer questions with one-word responses.4. Remain silent.
Q:
The nurse gathering data from a client admitted to labor and delivery is overheard making the comment, "You are lying. You need to tell me the truth so we can do what is best for your baby." The nurse's communication is:1. A perception check.2. Nontherapeutic.3. Necessary.4. Therapeutic.
Q:
In the immunization clinic, the nurse notices a client displaying tense body posture. Which of the following is the most therapeutic response for the nurse to make?1. "This won"t hurt a bit."2. "You need to relax."3. "I can tell you"ve had a bad experience before."4. "I notice you are clenching your fists."
Q:
Which of the following interventions promotes mindful listening in any health care setting?1. Telling the client to get off the phone2. Encouraging the family to step outside before assessing the client3. Turning off the television before interviewing a client4. Asking clients what they would like to drink when taking medication
Q:
A delusional client walks up to the nurse and says, "I am the appointed overseer. Who are you and why are you here?" The most therapeutic response is which of the following?1. "I am your nurse and I will be here to help you until suppertime."2. "You don"t know who I am?"3. "You know who I am."4. "You are not the overseer; you are a client in the hospital."
Q:
Which of the following is an example of clarifying a client's verbal response?1. "Are you saying you feel the medicine is helping you?"2. "See, the medicine does work."3. "I knew it would work; it just takes time."4. "Everything seems to work out eventually."
Q:
A client states, "I just know my brother will not come back from the war." Which of the following examples would be used to encourage the client to explore this concern?1. "Maybe he will be one of the lucky ones."2. "How do you know this?"3. "Where is your brother going?"4. "What do you feel will happen to him?"
Q:
While reviewing therapeutic communication techniques, a nursing student made a list of "things not to do or say to a client." Which of the following comments should be on the student's list?1. "How do you feel about being discharged today?"2. "What happened when you quit taking your medications?"3. "What are your concerns about your living situation?"4. "Why do you think you will never get well?"
Q:
During a nurse"client interaction, the client tells the nurse, "I don"t think I can deal with feeling so sad much longer." The nurse's best response is which of the following?1. "Is there a history of depression in your family?"2. "We all have times of sadness."3. "Are you saying you feel sad?"4. "Tell me about your feelings of sadness."
Q:
A client is admitted to the psychiatric unit exhibiting behaviors indicating a high level of anxiety following a personal crisis. Which of the following communication skills should the nurse utilize when interacting with this client?1. Closed-ended questions2. Providing reassurance3. Open-ended questions4. Providing the client with advice
Q:
A client asks the nurse about the doctor's comment that he may have problems due to "delayed synaptic transmission" in his brain. The nurse explains that the best way to describe a synaptic transmission is which of the following?1. An electrochemical process called neurotransmission2. Where the axon is released3. When the receptors bind to neurons4. The space where neurotransmitters match up with receptors
Q:
Which of the following is not related to the theory of successful versus disturbed communication patterns during an admission assessment?1. The appropriateness of the content of the message.2. The quality of the feedback provided.3. The language level of the assessment nurse.4. How efficiently the client delivers a message.
Q:
Which of the following communication theories provides the most appropriate rationale for a nursing intervention to utilize the perceived strengths of the client in promoting effective communication?1. Behavioral Effects and Human Communication Theory2. Neurolinguistic Programming Theory3. Theory of Communication Levels4. Therapeutic Communication Theory
Q:
In planning care for a client who is gaining mental stability, the nurse develops measures to confirm the client's view of self. Which of the following responses made by the nurse would be categorized as disturbed communication?1. "I do not understand what you are telling me."2. "You are wrong."3. "How might you go about that differently?"4. "Do you want to try that again?"
Q:
Psychiatric"mental health nursing interventions occur at which of the following levels of communication?1. Public2. Intrapersonal3. Interpersonal4. International
Q:
A nurse acknowledges feeling anxious about meeting new people. By acknowledging feelings to the client, the nurse is demonstrating:1. Sympathy.2. Genuineness.3. Empathy.4. Superficiality.
Q:
The nurse engaged in a therapeutic relationship with a client uses nonverbal communication to:1. Enhance verbal messages.2. Avoid the use of verbal messages.3. Detract from verbal messages.4. Terminate the therapeutic relationship.
Q:
During the first interaction with a client, the nurse makes an introduction and identifies the purpose of the interaction. This serves to accomplish which of the following in developing a trusting relationship?1. Setting goals2. Building3. Initiating4. Maintaining
Q:
A working goal for the nurse"client relationship is to achieve:1. Facilitative intimacy.2. Self-disclosure.3. Interdependence.4. Social superficiality.
Q:
The nurse is working with a teen admitted with a diagnosis of depression. Which of the following interventions demonstrates that the nurse is sensitive to the client's needs?1. Avoiding the use of silence to decrease anxiety2. Asking for details to demonstrate interest in the client3. Using closed-ended questions4. Listening to the client's feelings
Q:
The nurse observed that during a teaching session, the overall emotional tone of a client remained unchanged. The nurse documents this as:1. Affect that has range.2. Flat affect.3. Incongruent verbal and nonverbal responses.4. Muted behavior.
Q:
During a group session, a client expresses anger at the nurse. The nurse sits tensely with arms and legs crossed while verbally agreeing that the client's point of view is correct. Which of the following messages is being sent by the nurse?1. The nurse is expressing warmth toward the client2. The nurse is being patient3. The nurse is demonstrating empathy4. The nurse is sending a mixed message
Q:
During a group session, the clients are asked to make one positive statement about their home life. The nurse notices that one of the clients begins to fidget in the chair and interprets this behavior as:1. A form of nonlanguage vocalization.2. A therapeutic use of space.3. An expression of discomfort.4. An excuse to avoid answering the question.
Q:
Which of the following interventions are used by the nurse to demonstrate active listening?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. Using silence2. Covering one's mouth when yawning3. Leaning in toward the client4. Nodding one's head in response to client's verbal comments5. Rocking back and forth in the chair
Q:
The student nurse asks why the nurse is documenting the client's nonverbal responses in addition to verbal responses during the initial assessment. Which of the following statements made by the nurse reflects the rationale for documenting both verbal and nonverbal responses?1. "It is the hospital policy to document both."2. "It is important to be thorough when documenting."3. "Documenting both permits the reader to compare the behaviors for congruence."4. "Charting verbal and nonverbal helps me remain objective."
Q:
The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client. Which of the following interventions must the nurse be careful to avoid?1. Discussing expectations with the client2. Selecting interventions that conflict with the client's value system3. Identifying the client's perception of the problem4. Addressing issues related to the client's past experiences
Q:
Which of the following are included when documenting client education?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. The educational content discussed with the client2. The client's response3. The purpose for the educational interaction4. The assessment of the client5. The nursing diagnosis
Q:
The nurse is validating what was observed before documenting in the progress note. Validation is used as a mechanism to ensure which of the following?1. The client's affect is appropriate to the situation2. The client's perception of the response is communicated3. The client's request is clarified4. The client's need for further intervention is understood
Q:
The nurse is documenting observations of client interactions during a group session. The nurse strives to document the behaviors of the client interactions with:1. Objectivity.2. Serendipity.3. Sympathy.4. Empathy.
Q:
Clients who experience sexual assault often experience increased rates of mental disorder. Which risk factor would apply to a client who was sexually assaulted?1. Physical environment2. Social environment3. Social class4. Ethnicity
Q:
A client with a history of alcohol dependence is discharged with nutritional recommendations to increase the intake of vitamin B foods and thiamine. The client states, "I can"t eat this stuff. This food isn"t fit for real people." Which factor does the nurse recognize was not incorporated into the plan of care?1. Age2. Social environment3. Marital status4. Lifestyle habits
Q:
A 19-year-old Native American client is admitted with a diagnosis of major depression with suicidal ideation. What assessment is made?1. The client is at high risk for suicide.2. The client will benefit from a talking circle.3. The client will need a single room.4. The client will need a medicine man.
Q:
A 40-year-old client was brought to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident. The client had been drinking alcohol and the client's blood alcohol level was 0.12 g/dl. The client reports a family history of alcoholism and tells the nurse, "It is hopeless; I am a drunk just like the rest of my family." The nurse knows that the client's risk for alcohol abuse:1. Will determine the client's response to treatment.2. Can be modified through abstinence and behavior change.3. Is high based on the client's age.4. Is low based on the client's alcohol level.
Q:
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, many individuals presented with signs and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Of what type of risk factor is this an example?1. Ethnicity2. Socioeconomic status3. Social environment4. Gender
Q:
A nurse is meeting with a Cuban family in which the wife abuses alcohol. During the family assessment meeting, the nurse observes that the husband speaks for the wife and other family members when the nurse is directing questions towards them. The husband says, "I am responsible for my family." What cultural values should the nurse consider when planning care for this client?1. Health care decisions will involve the entire family.2. Health care decisions may be made by the husband.3. Health care decisions may have to be made when the client's husband is not present.4. Health care decisions will involve the wife only.
Q:
Which of the following nurses exhibits cultural sensitivity?1. The nurse who learns a second language and attends cultural events to increase his or her awareness.2. The nurse who feels comfortable allowing the Muslim client to pray only once during the day.3. The nurse who develops a knitting group for clients.4. The nurse who develops a teaching group titled "Antioxidants for Life."
Q:
The nurse is taking the history of a psychiatric client who is of Puerto Rican descent. Which assessment question would evaluate for the presence of fatalism?1. When was your last hospitalization?2. How do you manage your health?3. Who accompanied you to the hospital?4. Are you experiencing problems getting to the doctor?
Q:
A nurse interviews a Chinese client who has been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The family is present during the interview. Which cultural values should the nurse consider as she prepares to interact with the client and family?1. Talking circles2. Medicine men3. Fatalism4. Kinship solidarity
Q:
The nurse makes certain that a client who is Catholic is able to attend Mass on Sunday. The nurse has determined the client's religious practices from the assessment. This is an example of:1. Ethnocentrism.2. Cultural blindness.3. Culturally competent care.4. Differential treatment based on spiritual beliefs.
Q:
A mental health client is admitted to the psychiatric unit one month after abdominal surgery. During the initial assessment, the nurse asks the client about pain. In order to provide culturally competent care, the nurse should not:1. Acknowledge that each client holds various beliefs about pain.2. Abstain from stereotyping a client's pain responses based on the person's culture.3. Assume that all clients will verbally express their pain and ask for medication.4. Respect the client's right to react to pain in whatever manner desired.
Q:
The nurse is caring for a client from a different cultural background. The client has difficulty expressing beliefs about the treatment plan to the physician. Which nursing action would be most appropriate for this client?1. The nurse should act as the cultural broker to bridge the gap between the client and the physician.2. The nurse should encourage the client to speak up when the physician is present.3. The nurse should encourage the client to accept the plan of care as ordered.4. The nurse should encourage the client to discuss concerns with the client's spouse so that the spouse can tell the physician.
Q:
When assessing a client from a culture different from that of the nurse, which of the following is an effective approach to meet the goal of cultural sensitivity?1. Ask the client how he or she is alienated from his or her primary cultural group.2. Determine what aspects of the client's life should be preserved as they are.3. Explain to the client that values must be adjusted to reach a healthy state.4. Teach the client how to assimilate into the dominant culture.
Q:
A nurse is working at a health care clinic serving the needs of the homosexual community. A neighbor says the nurse must be brave because most of "those" people have AIDS. What would be the nurse's best response?1. "It's okay because I'm not intimate with any of the clients."2. "That's an unfortunate stereotype. Can we talk about the reality?"3. "It's very difficult for me when you discriminate like that."4. "Hey, it's a job like any other job. All jobs have problems."
Q:
Serving as a nurse advocate for culturally diverse clients means that the nurse:1. Helps them make substantive changes in their health behavior.2. Supports and defends their right to their medical beliefs and values.3. Makes a decision about which beliefs are wrong and need radical adjustments.4. Explains western medical concepts so they can better adapt.
Q:
A nurse is asked to consult with the local domestic violence shelter. The shelter employees state that women of Hispanic descent do not use the services offered. An employee states, "You know with all that Hispanic machismo you can bet that those women are probably being abused." The nurse recognizes that:1. The agency should place flyers in the local schools.2. The agency should advertise their services in the local newspaper.3. The agency needs help to promote culturally competent values, policy, structures, and practices.4. The agency should add a Spanish greeting on the agency's phone message.
Q:
A nurse is working with a student on the acute care psychiatric unit. The student asks the nurse why it is important to assess clients' values when there are many other more important issues to attend. Which of the following replies should the nurse emphasize?1. Health behaviors are strongly influenced by personal values.2. Values form the scientific rationale for health behaviors.3. Values regarding health are common across many cultures.4. Ensure that clients' values are congruent with nurses' values.
Q:
A nurse is admitting a client who is from Japan. What is the first step the nurse should take?1. Ask all family members to stay with the client during the admission assessment.2. Call for a Japanese interpreter.3. Talk with the client to determine the client's level of fluency.4. Follow the admission assessment paperwork carefully.
Q:
A new nurse is oriented to a position in a community health center that serves a diverse client population. The new nurse says, "The first thing I need to do is learn everything possible about the cultures of all the clients." What is the best response staff can give the new nurse?1. "You need to first understand who you are."2. "This will come with time as you get to know clients and then encounter problems."3. "I will give you a great book that describes all of the critical factors."4. "You should always be nonjudgmental."
Q:
In trying to understand other cultures, what should the nurse know about how cultural values influence health beliefs?
1. Cultural values will not matter if the nurse is from the dominant culture.
2. Cultural values may shape perceptions of health, disease, prevention, and treatment.
3. Cultural values will not shape perceptions of health, disease, prevention, and treatment.
4. Cultural values and other differences will negatively influence outcomes.
Q:
The nursing student knows that in order to avoid conflict with cultural diverse populations:1. Open discussion is necessary to actively address suspicions and distortions.2. Exclude the offending party so communication flows better.3. Take into account most minorities are working people.4. Become a certified transcultural nurse.
Q:
The nurse advocating for culturally diverse issues knows that cultural competence and sensitivity is based on:1. Uniformity training.2. Life experiences.3. Client assessment.4. New knowledge.
Q:
The nurse who wants to actively and effectively work with culturally diverse clients will:1. Seek out homeless people.2. Avoid global mental health issues.3. Seek out practicing nurses of a particular cultural background and read transcendental awareness journals.
Q:
When focusing on developing new theories in nursing, what is most important for nurses to know?1. Recognize that most theories cannot be modified.2. Research helps with behavioral observation in multicultural groups.3. Most people with mental disorders never seek professional treatment.4. Acknowledge vulnerability of the mental health community.
Q:
The nurse educator knows that one strategy to integrate cultural diversity in nursing is to:1. Retain students from one cultural background.2. Work within monocultural frameworks.3. Recruit and mentor nursing students from diverse cultures.4. Attract students from other disciplines to nursing.
Q:
A nurse reviews the chart of a client seen at the nursing clinic for treatment of tension headache. Which client complaint did the nurse enter into the nursing record?1. "When the music plays so loud, my head starts to pound."2. "My whole cheek hurts, and it feels like I have bruising under my eye."3. "Usually there is just this steady pressure around my entire head."4. "I can tell it's coming on; sometimes I vomit before it hits."
Q:
The visiting nurse cares for an older client with rheumatoid arthritis. During a nurse's visit to supervise the home health aide, the client reports a flare-up in symptoms and the pain medication is not helping. To plan continuing care for the client, it would be important to focus on:1. Emotional issues and depression.2. Environmental conditions, temperature, and humidity.3. Medication tolerance and addiction.4. Dietary changes.
Q:
A client with Crohn's disease is seen in the nursing clinic following a recent flare-up. The client describes herself as married with no children and a hard-working elementary school teacher. Which questions asked by the nurse are an important part of this client's assessment?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. "What sort of coping mechanisms do you usually use?"2. "Do you consider yourself to be hard-driving, ambitious, and competitive?"3. "How are things at work for you at present?"4. "What can you tell me about your relationship with your husband?"5. "How do you feel about yourself in general?"
Q:
A child with asthma was admitted to the hospital during an attack. The mother says, "This is all my fault, if only I hadn"t smoked when I was pregnant." Which response would be helpful to the mother?1. Tell her not to worry because her smoking did not cause the child's asthma.2. Explain that asthma involves a host of biological factors, of which heredity plays a large role.3. Tell the mother that she should feel guilty, and find out if she's still smoking.4. Ask why she believes that she caused the child's admission.
Q:
A client reporting respiratory discomfort, dizziness, and becoming easily fatigued is given a diagnosis of cardiac neurosis. Which interventions would the nurse expect to be used with this client?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. Psychiatric treatment2. Weight control3. Relaxation training4. Biofeedback5. Stress management
Q:
A client has received some bad news about a prognosis from the physician. When the nurse comes in with medications, the client states in an angry tone, "You"re late; I was just about to call the hospital administrator to complain." The nurse is aware that the client received a disappointing prognosis and understands the behavior as displacement. The nurse is silent for a few moments to let the client collect some thoughts and control any feelings. Which response should the nurse make next?1. "You are really angry at your physician; why don"t you tell the physician how you feel."2. "You must be really angry at me."3. "I"m not late if I get this medication to you within thirty minutes of the scheduled time."4. "I know you heard some bad news today. I wonder if that could be bothering you."
Q:
A 22-year-old delivers a baby at home and calls the police who bring her to the psychiatric unit for an evaluation. The nurse learns that the mother is unwilling to accept the pregnancy and denies that she ever delivered a baby. The nurse continues to work with the client and establishes a trusting relationship. How should the nurse proceed in order to help the client?1. Avoid talking about babies or deliveries in the client's presence.2. Explore the protective functions of this behavior.3. Discuss adoption proceedings.4. Take the client to the nursery and show her the baby.
Q:
A nurse manager is mentoring a junior nurse. The junior nurse models everything after the manager, and even dresses like the manager. How would the manager address the junior nurse's identification?1. "You can just have a copy of my plans."2. "I appreciate you wanting my help, but these plans have to represent your personal desires and goals."3. "You"re becoming too dependent on me. Can"t you just think for yourself?"4. "I"ll be glad to look over your work after you come up with some of your own ideas."
Q:
A home care nurse is teaching an older client about colostomy care. The client's wife is taking charge of the irrigations. Both are very anxious. During the procedure, the wife continually watches the nurse, asking "Is this correct?" and waits for approval before continuing. Both the client and his wife express how glad they are that the nurse is coming and that they don"t know what they will do without the help. Knowing that the goal of care is to promote independence, how will the nurse address these behaviors?Standard Text: Select all that apply.1. Remind the couple that there are only a few visits left.2. Tell the husband he has to do the irrigation.3. Reinforce the wife's competency and the strength of coping as a team.4. Gradually encourage them to do the procedure on their own, while continuing to provide support.5. Recognize this passive behavior and take a firm stand against it.
Q:
A client who abuses alcohol states that the client drinks because the client's job is so stressful. Recognizing this as rationalization, the nurse makes a response to the client. The nurse would know treatment was effective when the client says which of the following?1. "Maybe my "just needing a little drink to do my job" has gotten way out of hand."2. "If I took a less stressful job, I wouldn"t have to drink."3. "I can quit drinking whenever I want."4. "Listen, I"m not a drunk, and I don"t have a problem with alcohol."
Q:
A team meeting is scheduled to teach nurses about communicating with clients who are using defense mechanisms. The instructor understands that more teaching is needed when a nurse says which of the following?1. "Defense mechanisms are not helpful and must be challenged."2. "People use defense mechanisms every day, though they are not aware of it."3. "Defense mechanisms are used when you feel threatened or anxious."4. "Primitive and early-formed defenses would be stronger and more difficult to change."
Q:
A client who abuses alcohol was brought to the hospital as a police hold after a fight with his wife. When the client is sober, the nurse recognizes that the client is using a defensive behavior called rationalization. Which statement did the client make?1. "I don"t remember doing any of those things."2. "The police are always out to get me; I bet they were watching my house."3. "I just needed my space. If she had just left me alone, I wouldn"t have hit her."4. "When my wife comes in, tell her to take the money I left in the hospital safe."
Q:
A nurse is leading a support group for girls who were sexually abused by their stepfathers. Each girl made a statement to the group about the experience. The nurse recognizes intellectualization in one of the girls' remarks. Which statement did the girl make?1. "If my mother hadn"t married him, it never would have happened."2. "I can"t remember much of the details."3. "Sexual abuse happens all of the time in families with stepfathers."4. "I don"t think my stepfather meant me any harm."
Q:
During a peer group support session, a teenager shares that her little sister destroyed a valued collection of glass animals. Another member of the group says, "I would have killed her." The teenager quickly denies angry feelings towards the little sister and states, "She didn't do it on purpose." This is an example of the defense mechanism of:1. Identification.2. Projection.3. Intellectualization.4. Reaction formation.
Q:
A client's progress notes read, "states he does not want to sit or talk with others; they "frighten" him; stays in room alone unless strongly encouraged to come out; no group involvement; at times listens to group from a distance but does not engage in conversation; some hypervigilance and scanning noted." The nurse decides that the client's behavior is defensive and plans care accordingly. Which strategy should the nurse employ?1. Help the client gradually accept realistic goals.2. Help the client identify his fears regarding participating in the group.3. Help the client develop motivation and a plan for group involvement.4. Help the client see that there is a possibility for change.
Q:
A client with newly diagnosed breast cancer states that her fate is in God's hands and that she will accept whatever the future holds. The nurse is aware that a sense of coherence helps people cope successfully with life's challenges, but the nurse is concerned about the woman's continuation with medical treatment. What might the nurse think is lacking in this client's coping?1. She does not appear to be demonstrating motivation or feeling about investing time and energy in life.2. She does not seem to have a basic trust that things will work out.3. She seems to have lost hope.4. She is expressing that she does not have the resources to meet the demands of her illness.
Q:
Knowing that there is a high rate of smoking in the local community, a nurse decides to lead a community health promotion group and seeks the hospital's backing. The nurse decides to organize the curriculum around the Lazarus Model of Stress. How does this model motivate smoking cessation?1. By helping participants understand the nature of stress as a conflict2. By helping participants understand stressors in their own lives3. By encouraging the exploration of the pros and cons of smoking4. By understanding the negative effects of stress on the body