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Q:
Which of the following describes why fast respiration may decrease minute volume?
A) The lungs may not have the time to fill and exchange gas.
B) The rate causes turbulence in the trachea that increases the friction and decreases the amount of air movement.
C) It is due to the delay in the movement of the intercostal muscles and the pleural space.
D) The rate does not decrease minute volume; it actually increases.
Q:
The normal stimulus to breathe is stimulated by the chemoreceptors that measure the change of what two gases?
A) Low hydrogen and high carbon monoxide
B) High carbon monoxide and low oxygen
C) High hydrogen and low carbon dioxide
D) High carbon dioxide and low oxygen
Q:
The process of air moving in and out of the chest is called:
A) tidal volume.
B) inhalation.
C) respiration.
D) ventilation.
Q:
Why is inhalation described as an active process?
A) It requires the diaphragm to relax and use energy to move, creating a positive pressure.
B) It requires chest muscles to relax and use energy to move, creating a positive pressure.
C) It requires chest muscles to contract and use energy to move, creating a negative pressure.
D) It uses oxygen to assist chest muscles to contract, creating a negative pressure.
Q:
In assessing a patient's breathing, what is your first question?
A) Is he breathing?
B) Is he alive or dead?
C) Is his breathing adequate or inadequate?
D) Is he big sick or little sick?
Q:
What signs and symptoms would indicate inadequate breathing in a patient?
A) Increased effort to breathe, increased depth of respiration, pink dry skin, normal mental status
B) Rapid breathing, pale skin, and a normal mental status
C) Decreased depth of respiration, decreased rate of breathing, hot clammy skin, normal mental status
D) Increased effort to breathe, cyanosis, cool clammy skin, altered mental status
Q:
What are the signs of hypoxia?
A) Warm dry skin, with difficulty in breathing, and hypertension
B) Commonly seen as blue or gray skin, deterioration of patient's mental status like confusion or restlessness
C) Disease process that robs the patient of adequate breathing and perfusion
D) Shock caused from the lack of blood flowing to the vital organs like the brain and heart that is irreversible
Q:
For life to be maintained, a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is needed. The condition when oxygen levels are low is called:
A) hypotension.
B) hypercarbia.
C) hyperventilation.
D) hypoxia.
Q:
You are ventilating an 85-year-old male without difficulty. A nurse tells you that the patient has dentures. To ensure a good mask seal, you should:
A) tape the dentures in place.
B) remove the dentures.
C) leave the dentures in place.
D) use an infant mask over the nose.
Q:
You have performed a head tilt-chin lift maneuver on a 17-month-old boy and are attempting to ventilate him with a bag-valve mask. You are experiencing a lot of resistance with each breath and the chest is barely rising. Prior to attempting ventilations again, you should:
A) finger sweep the airway.
B) tilt the head back further.
C) perform chest thrusts.
D) ease the head forward a little.
Q:
Which of the following should be kept in mind when assessing and managing the airway of a pediatric patient?
A) The trachea is easily obstructed by swelling.
B) The tongue is not as likely to obstruct the airway as in an adult.
C) Due to their short necks, pediatric patients require a greater degree of hyperextension to open the airway than do adults.
D) Gastric distention is unlikely.
Q:
Which of the following is the correct method of suctioning?
A) Suction intermittently, both while inserting and withdrawing the suction tip or catheter.
B) Insert the catheter or tip to the desired depth prior to applying suction.
C) Begin suctioning as you insert the suction tip or catheter into the mouth.
D) Suction continuously, both while inserting and withdrawing the suction tip or catheter.
Q:
Which of the following is true concerning the procedure for inserting a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)?
A) The bevel should be turned toward the nasal septum.
B) If a water-soluble lubricant is not available, a silicon spray can be substituted.
C) It can only be placed in the right nostril.
D) The length of the device is not as important as it is with oropharyngeal airways.
Q:
When inserting an oropharyngeal airway, how many degrees do you need to rotate the airway so the tip is pointing down into the patient's pharynx?
A) 45
B) 90
C) 180
D) 270
Q:
When suctioning the airway, suction should never be applied for longer than ________ seconds.
A) 10
B) 30
C) 45
D) 60
Q:
You are ventilating a cardiac arrest patient when he begins to vomit copious amounts of large pieces of undigested food. Which of the following would be most effective in clearing the airway?
A) Using a rigid pharyngeal suction tip
B) Irrigating the mouth with sterile water to dilute the material before suctioning
C) Using a 14 French suction catheter
D) Using large bore suction tubing without a tip or catheter attached
Q:
To be effective, a suction unit must be able to generate air flow of ________ liters per minute and create a vacuum of ________ mmHg.
A) 300; 30
B) 30; 30
C) 300; 330
D) 30; 300
Q:
On which of the following types of calls should you bring your portable suction unit to the patient's side upon arrival on the scene?
A) Motor vehicle collision
B) Cardiac arrest
C) Seizure
D) All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is an advantage of using a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)?
A) It eliminates the need for manual positioning of the patient's head to keep the airway open.
B) It is ideal for patients with a suspected skull fracture.
C) It may be tolerated by many patients with a gag reflex.
D) All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is a disadvantage of oropharyngeal airways (OPAs)?
A) They cannot be used in patients with a suspected skull fracture.
B) They do not come in pediatric sizes.
C) They require the use of a water-soluble lubricant.
D) They cannot be used in a patient with a gag reflex.
Q:
The jaw-thrust maneuver is the only ________ airway procedure for an unconscious patient with possible head, neck, or spine injury or unknown mechanism of injury.
A) recommended
B) required
C) prohibited
D) forbidden
Q:
Which of the following patients should NOT have their airway opened using a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver?
A) A 35-year-old diabetic woman who is in the driver's seat of the car in her driveway, who becomes unresponsive while speaking to her husband.
B) A homeless person of undetermined age found lying unresponsive in an alley with no bystanders.
C) A 50-year-old woman who choked on a piece of food while dining in a restaurant and was lowered to the floor by a waiter.
D) A 25-year-old man who is still unresponsive after a grand mal seizure.
Q:
Which of the following is a sign of an inadequate airway?
A) Regular chest movements
B) Nasal flaring
C) Equal expansion of both sides of the chest when patient inhales
D) Typical skin coloration
Q:
Your patient is breathing 4 shallow breaths per minute due to overdosing on his pain medication but he has a palpable radial pulse. He vomited prior to your arrival and is choking. You should:
A) insert an oropharyngeal airway and ventilate.
B) roll him over onto his side to clear the airway.
C) perform chest thrusts to clear the lungs.
D) move the patient to the ambulance and suction.
Q:
What is the sound of the soft tissue of the upper airway creating impedance or partial obstruction to the flow of air?
A) Stridor
B) Hoarseness
C) Snoring
D) Gurgling
Q:
Perhaps the simplest way to determine if a patient has a patent airway is to:
A) say "hello."
B) check for adequate chest rise.
C) determine a respiratory rate.
D) auscultate for breath sounds.
Q:
All of the following can result in airway obstructions, except:
A) burns.
B) infections.
C) the tongue.
D) facial trauma.
Q:
What is the danger that an altered mental status can pose to a patient's breathing?
A) Depressed alveolar function
B) Loss of muscle tone and airway collapse
C) Bronchospasms
D) Hyperoxia
Q:
Which of the following structures is found in the lower airway?
A) Bronchi
B) Uvula
C) Pharynx
D) Tonsils
Q:
The trachea branches off at the ________ and forms two mainstem bronchi.
A) bronchioles
B) pleura
C) alveoli
D) carina
Q:
The high-pitched sound caused by an upper airway obstruction is known as:
A) gurgling.
B) stridor.
C) rhonchi.
D) rales.
Q:
You are caring for a 4-month-old male patient who is reported to have vomited five times today. His parents describe no other associated symptoms or complaints. The patient is lying on the couch with a pacifier in his mouth, smiling at you. Developmentally, you would expect a patient of this age to be able to:
A) sit up without assistance.
B) drool without swallowing.
C) say the word "no."
D) have attachment anxiety or fear strangers.
Q:
Your 89-year-old male patient has called for help because he almost passed out after bringing in his garbage cans from the curb. The patient lives alone and says that he became panicked when he started feeling so lightheaded and dizzy. Patients in this age group often undergo all of the following changes to their health, except:
A) blood volume decreases.
B) increased metabolism.
C) sleep-wake cycle disrupted.
D) deterioration of respiratory system.
Q:
You have been called to a private residence where a 16-year-old female patient is reported by her parents to be "acting strangely" and possibly "on something." Upon your arrival, the patient is locked in her bedroom refusing to open the door. The patient refuses to speak to you and will only come out if her best friend is present. Your knowledge of life-span development indicates that the following characteristics are common with a patient of this age.
A) Depression and suicide
B) Preoccupation with body image
C) Self-destructive behaviors such as tobacco, alcohol, and drug use
D) All of the above
Q:
Your 4-month-old patient is reported to be irritable and lethargic after feeding poorly for two days. One method for assessing the patient's level of hydration is to gently palpate the soft spots on the surface of the skull. These soft spots are also known as the:
A) fontanelles.
B) acromion process.
C) mandibles.
D) carpals.
Q:
You have been dispatched to a shopping mall to assess a 1-month-old female patient that tumbled out of her stroller while her mother was shopping. Upon your arrival, the baby is awake, alert, and happily smiling and cooing at her mom. The mother reports that the child did not appear to suffer any injuries as a result of the fall. As you assess the patient and place your finger in her hand, she grasps it tightly. This is known as the:
A) sucking reflex.
B) Moro reflex.
C) palmar reflex.
D) rooting reflex.
Q:
You are assessing a 12-year-old male patient who has been involved in a bicycle accident. This patient would be classified as being in which stage of life?
A) Middle school age
B) School age
C) Adolescent
D) Junior school age
Q:
In which age group do you anticipate seeing patients who have less efficient cardiovascular systems and a reduction of previous blood volume?
A) Infancy
B) Late adulthood
C) Early adulthood
D) Middle adulthood
Q:
You are assessing a female patient with depression. She tells you that her psychologist said that she is dealing with "empty-nest syndrome." What age group is this associated with?
A) Middle adulthood
B) Middle-aged adulthood
C) Late adulthood
D) Early adulthood
Q:
You are assessing a 6-month-old female patient who, according to the parents, is not acting normally. At this stage of development, the patient should be able to do which of the following?
A) Sit alone on the floor
B) Sit upright in a high chair
C) Sleep
D) Respond to the word "no"
Q:
What is the stage of development where there are several physiological and psychosocial changes, second only to infancy or adolescence?
A) Late adulthood
B) Middle adulthood
C) Toddler
D) Preschool age
Q:
Patients in which age group tend to be very concerned with body image?
A) School age
B) Adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
D) Early adulthood
Q:
Patients in late adulthood are likely to face which of the following challenges?
A) Self-worth
B) Hygiene
C) Tax burden
D) All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is the term used to describe an infant's reaction to his environment?
A) Attitude
B) Bonding
C) Personality
D) Temperament
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a common psychosocial challenge of late adulthood?
A) Self-destructive behaviors
B) Concern about death and dying
C) Financial burdens
D) Issues of self-worth
Q:
Which of the following stages is commonly referred to as "the twilight years"?
A) Middle adulthood
B) Late adulthood
C) Adolescence
D) Early adulthood
Q:
Middle adulthood is the stage of life from ________ to ________ years.
A) 35; 55
B) 35; 65
C) 41; 60
D) 31; 60
Q:
During which age group is the body in peak physical condition?
A) Preschool
B) Adolescent
C) Early adult
D) Middle adult
Q:
The transition from childhood to adulthood is known as which of the following?
A) Transitional
B) Young adult
C) Adolescence
D) Early adulthood
Q:
What is a normal heart rate for a school age child?
A) 140-160/minute
B) 80-130/minute
C) 80-120/minute
D) 70-110/minute
Q:
Which of the following would be a normal set of vitals for a 4-year-old male patient?
A) Heart rate 140/minute, respiratory rate 30/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 60 mmHg
B) Heart rate 100/minute, respiratory rate 34/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg
C) Heart rate 60/minute, respiratory rate 24/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg
D) Heart rate 110/minute, respiratory rate 24/minute, and systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg
Q:
At which of the following stages is toilet-training most likely to begin?
A) Preschool age
B) Infant
C) Toddler
D) School age
Q:
A 26-month-old toddler is reported to have fallen and lacerated his chin. His mother did not witness the fall. As you proceed through your assessment, your partner reports that she's concerned about his heart rate, which she measures as 64. She's checked it twice. Your knowledge of normal vital signs for a patient this age suggests that his pulse rate is:
A) too slow.
B) too fast.
C) within normal range.
D) not reliable.
Q:
When you startle a 4-month-old, he throws his arms out, spreads his fingers, then grabs with his fingers and arms. The reaction is known as the:
A) rooting reflex.
B) startle reflex.
C) Moro reflex.
D) scaffolding reflex.
Q:
Infancy is defined as the stage of life from birth to:
A) 9 months.
B) 18 months.
C) 15 months.
D) 12 months.
Q:
Which of the following is the feeling infants get when they know all their needs will be met?
A) Scaffolding
B) Bonding
C) Trust
D) Moro reflex
Q:
When you place your finger in an infant's palm, she grasps it with her fingers. This is an example of which reflex?
A) Sucking
B) Palmar
C) Rooting
D) Moro
Q:
Your patient is a 22-year-old female that accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish, "they had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died." Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:
A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) insulin.
D) histamine.
Q:
When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have:
A) hypersensitivity.
B) antibody reaction.
C) histamine dump.
D) hyposensitivity.
Q:
What is the most common digestive disorder?
A) Irritable bowel and gastric esophageal disease
B) Vomiting and diarrhea
C) Diarrhea and gastric esophageal disease
D) Flatus
Q:
The major organs of the endocrine system are the:
A) brain, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
B) pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
C) kidneys and the brain.
D) liver, pancreas, and the kidneys.
Q:
You and your EMT partner respond to a local shipping warehouse for a worker who was hit by a falling crate. Upon arrival, you find the man lying on the concrete floor of the facility, alert and oriented but unable to move or even feel his legs below the waist. Based on the mechanism of injury and the symptoms, which of the patient's body systems would you suspect has been impaired?
A) Endocrine system
B) Nervous system
C) Cardiopulmonary system
D) Immune system
Q:
Which of the following is an indicator that a patient's nervous system has been impaired?
A) Changes in pupil dilation
B) Hearing disturbances
C) General weakness
D) All of the above
Q:
The layer of covering that protects the nervous system is called the:
A) skull.
B) spinal column.
C) meninges.
D) cerebrospinal fluid.
Q:
An infection of the brain is called:
A) multiple sclerosis.
B) encephalitis.
C) rhinitis.
D) meningitis.
Q:
When the body's water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called:
A) edema.
B) hydrostatic.
C) dehydration.
D) hypovolemia.
Q:
Daniel has been performing landscaping on a hot, humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused by:
A) hypotension.
B) hyperthermia.
C) tachycardia.
D) dehydration.
Q:
Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is called:
A) intravascular.
B) hydrostatic.
C) intracellular.
D) interstitial.
Q:
The human body is made up of ________ % water.
A) 60
B) 7.5
C) 17.5
D) 75
Q:
The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to occur?
A) Breathe slower and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become pale
B) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale
C) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become warm
D) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and slower, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale
Q:
A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
A) sweaty skin.
B) increased pulse.
C) constricted pupils.
D) increased respirations.
Q:
Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is "drowning in his own lungs." The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his "heart is shot." The patient's cardiac output is likely diminished because:
A) less blood fills his heart with each contraction (preload is diminished).
B) the heart's force of contraction is reduced (contractility is diminished).
C) the pressure in the system against which the heart must pump is increased (afterload is increased).
D) All of the above are true.
Q:
You are called to a kindergarten class where a boy has fallen while climbing on playground equipment. The teacher saw him fall and hit his stomach on a step. He is sobbing and holding his abdomen. As you assess him, you find his skin cool and clammy, his pulse is 132, respiratory is 28. Why is the boy acting this way?
A) He is really upset and wants his mother.
B) He is embarrassed and is afraid that the other students will make fun of him.
C) He possibly has wet his pants and does not want anyone to know.
D) He possibly has internal injuries and is in shock.
Q:
Shock occurs as a result of which of the following?
A) Inadequate perfusion
B) C/Q match
C) V/Q match
D) Adequate perfusion
Q:
A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO2 reading is 84%. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume. Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:
A) carbon dioxide.
B) oxygen.
C) pH.
D) glucose.
Q:
In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
A) diffusion.
B) low carbon dioxide.
C) high oxygen.
D) high carbon dioxide.
Q:
What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?
A) Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
B) High oxygen and low carbon dioxide
C) Low oxygen and low carbon dioxide
D) High oxygen and high carbon dioxide
Q:
You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis (near the point of death) with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing. Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:
A) medulla oblongata.
B) frontal lobe.
C) cerebellum.
D) thalamus.
Q:
A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school. She's taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the ________ in her blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.
A) plasma
B) hemoglobin
C) white blood cells
D) albumin
Q:
You respond to a patient who is choking. The victim is suffering from the most common of airway obstructions. This would indicate that the problem is in the ________ airway.
A) upper
B) bronchial
C) lower
D) alveoli