Q&A Hero

Q: How might hyperventilation prior to a breath hold dive allow the diver to extend the duration of the dive?a. reduces CO2 stores and extends time before breaking point is reachedb. decreases the CO2 and O2 stores and extends time before breaking point is reachedc. decreases the pH and CO2 stores and extends time before the breaking point is reachedd. reduces CO2 and O2 stores and lowers the pH to extend time before the breaking point is reached

Q: What manuever is normally performed to prolong the duration of a breath-hold dive?a. voluntary hyperventilationb. voluntary hypoventilationc. hyperventilation with heliumd. hyperventilation with carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture

Q: If an individual at sea level has a blood volume of 5 L, how much oxygen would be transported physically dissolved if the PaO2 were 100 mm Hg?a. 15 mL b. 1.5 ml c. 150 mLd. 50 mL

Q: With a PaO2 of 100 mm Hg at 1 atm of pressure, what amount of oxygen can physically dissolve in 1 dL of blood?a. 0.3 mL b. 3.0 mL c. 0.03 mLd. 0.003 mL

Q: What is the general term for the administration of gases at increased ambient pressures via a compression chamber?a. hyperbaric medicine b. bariatric medicine c. positive pressure medicined. hypobaric medicine

Q: If the TLC is 6.6 L at sea level, what would it equal at a depth of 33 feet under water?a. 3.3 L b. 2.2 L c. 1.1 Ld. 4.4 L

Q: Which gas law can be used to calculate the changes in gas volumes and pressures applied to diving?a. Boyle's b. Henry's c. Charles'd. Dalton's

Q: If the TLC equals 4.8 L at sea level, what would it equal at a depth of 66 feet?a. 1.8 L b. 2 L c. 3 Ld. 4.8 L

Q: At 66 feet below the surface of the water, what would the pressure equal expressed in mm Hg?a. 760 x 3 = 2280 mm Hg b. 760 x 2 = 1520 mm Hg c. 66 x 2 = 132 mm Hgd. 66 x 3 = 198 mm Hg

Q: How many feet below the water's surface must a diver reach to be subjected to a total pressure of 4 atmospheres?a. 99 feet b. 66 feet c. 33 feetd. 132 feet

Q: What cardiac change is associated with Monge's disease?a. right ventricular hypertrophy b. left ventricular hypertrophy c. mitral valve stenosisd. aortic valve stenosis

Q: What is another name for Monge's disease?a. chronic mountain sickness b. acute mountain sickness c. high altitude cerebral edemad. high altitude pulmonary edema

Q: Which abnormality is characterized by photophobia, ataxia, hallucinations and clouding of consciousness?a. high altitude cerebral edema b. high altitude pulmonary edema c. acute mountain sicknessd. Monge's disease

Q: What is the best treatment for high altitude pulmonary edema?a. rapid descent and oxygen therapy b. oxygen therapy and rest c. IV fluids and oxygen therapyd. rest and IV fluids

Q: Following ascent by lowlanders to high altitudes, when do symptons of acute mountain sickness normally appear?a. 6-12 hours b. 12-24 hours c. 1-6 hoursd. 24-36 hours

Q: In high altitude natives, where are high concentrations of myoglobin located?I. DiaphragmII. MyocardiumIII. Pectoral musclesIV. Adductor leg musclesa. I, II, III, and IV b. I only c. II onlyd. I and II only

Q: Which of the following simulates a continuous low barometric pressure environment?a. hypoxicator b. low flow oxygen system c. negative pressure ventilatord. cuirass

Q: To derive physiologic benefits from altitude training, for what duration must athletes be exposed to 2000-2500m?a. more than 4 weeks b. 14 days c. 1 weekd. 12-24 hours

Q: Which breathing pattern is often initially seen in lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes?a. Cheyne-Stokes b. Kussmaul's c. Biot'sd. apneusis

Q: What of the following primarily controls the phenomenon of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?a. PAO2 b. PaO2 c. central chemoreceptorsd. baroreceptors

Q: How is cardiac output and oxygen uptake affected by prolonged exposure to high altitudes?a. Both are the same as at sea levelb. Both are increasedc. Both are slightly decreasedd. Cardiac output is increased but oxygen uptake is the same as at sea level

Q: In a healthy individual, how is ventilation and perfusion affected by high altitude exposure?a. Both ventilation and pulmonary perfusion are increasedb. Only perfusion is increasedc. Only ventilation is increasedd. Ventilation is increased and pulmonary perfusion decreases slightly

Q: What impact does initial high altitude exposure have on the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference?a. It is increasedb. It is decreasedc. It is normal but will increase during exercised. It is not affected by changes in altitude

Q: Which of the following are true regarding high altitude natives compared to lowlanders?I. Natives have a lower P(A-a)O2II. Natives have an increased DLCOIII. Natives have a lower PaO2 at rest and exercisea. I and II only b. I only c. II onlyd. I, II, and III

Q: What is the most prevalent acid-base abnormality among natives at high altitudes?a. mild respiratory alkalosis b. mild respiratory acidosis c. mild metabolic acidoisd. mild metabolic alkalosis

Q: For what duration do adaptive changes occur in the blood after ascent to high altitudes?a. 6 weeks b. 1 week c. 48-72 hoursd. 12-24 hours

Q: What is the blood's adaptive response to low oxygen levels resulting from residing at high altitudes?a. polycythemia b. megacythemia c. anemiad. leukocytosis

Q: Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to hypoxia?a. erythropoietin b. aldosterone c. RHFd. HVR

Q: How do the VCs lowlanders who ascend to high altitudes compared to those born and raised at high altitudes?a. The VCs of native high altitude residents remain largerb. After 2-3 days, the VCs are the same sizec. After 2-3 weeks, the VCs are the same sized. After 2-3 months, the VCs are the same size

Q: What changes will occur in the VC and PEFR within 24 hours of ascent to a high altitude?a. VC will decrease and PEFR will increaseb. PEFR will decrease and VC will increasec. both will decreased. both will increase

Q: After what duration at a high altitude will the peripheral chemoreceptors acclimate to the lower PO2?a. They do not acclimate to a decreased PaO2b. 12-24 hoursc. 24-48 hoursd. 48-72 hours

Q: What is the acronym for the signals sent from the peripheral chemoreceptors to the medulla to increase ventilation ?a. HVR b. PBR c. CBRd. MBR

Q: Which receptors are stimulated by the drop in PaO2 that occurs when lowlanders travel to high altitudes?a. peripheral chemoreceptors b. central chemoreceptors c. proprioceptorsd. baroreceptors

Q: What is the term for the body's compensatory responses to relocation to a high altitude from seal level?a. acclimatization b. adjustment c. adaptationd. accomodation

Q: What would the PIO2 equal at the summit of Mount Everest where the PB is 253 mm Hg?a. 43 mm Hg b. 79 mm Hg c. 100 mm Hgd. 159 mm Hg

Q: Which of the following are benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD?I. Increased exercise capacityII. Reduction in anxiety and depressionIII. Increased hospital length of stayIV. Improved upper arm strength and endurancea. I , II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and IV onlyd. I and II only

Q: What is the primary treatment for heat stroke?a. Rapid reduction of body temperatureb. Rehydrate as rapidly as possiblec. Restore electrolytes as rapidly as possibled. Reduce PaCO2 as rapidly as possible

Q: Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat stroke?I. Absence of sweatingII. Muscle crampingIII. Circulatory collapseIV. Confusiona. I, II, III, and IV b. II, III, and IV only c. I, II and IV onlyd. I and Ii only

Q: What increase in body heat production can occur during exercise?a. 20-fold b. 30-fold c. 10-foldd. 5-fold

Q: What percent of maximum can the respiratory system reach during extreme exercise?a. 65% b. 90% c. 50%d. 75%

Q: Which exhibits the highest percent of change in a marathon runner?I. Cardiac outputII. Stroke volumeIII. Heart ratea. I only b. II only c. III onlyd. I and II increase by the same amount

Q: Which of the following are benefits of moderate exercise?I. Reduced stress, anxiety and depressionII. Reduced weightIII. Decreased bone densityIV. Improved sleep qualitya. I, III, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and IV onlyd. III and IV only

Q: What changes would be expected in the size of the heart chambers and heart mass of a marathon runner?a. Both would increaseb. Both would decreasec. No change would occurd. The size of the heart chambers would remain normal but the heart mass would increase

Q: What changes would be expected in the oxygen consumption and cardiac output when muscle work decreases? a. Both would decrease b. Both would increase c. Oxygen consumption would remain unchanged but CO would decrease d. Both would remain unchanged

Q: What is the maximum cardiac output expected to be in marathon runners?a. up to 40 L/min b. up to 30 L/min c. up to 20 L/mind. up to 10 L/min

Q: What changes would be expected in blood vessels in the following areas during exercise?I. Capillaries of working muscles would fully dilateII. Visceral blood vessels would dilateIII. Blood vessels of non-working muscles would constricta. I and III only b. I, II, and III c. I onlyd. II and III only

Q: Which of the following can produce vasodilation of working muscles?I. Adenosine triphosphateII. AldosteroneIII. AcetylcholineIV. Lactic acida. I, II, and III only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I onlyd. IV only

Q: At rest, what portion of the muscle capillaries are dilated?a. 20-25% b. 2-5% c. 30-35%d. 5-10%

Q: What change would be expected in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during intense exercise?a. Both should increaseb. Both should remain within normal limitsc. The mean pulmonary artery pressure would increase and PCWP would remain within normal limitsd. PCWP would increase but mean pulmonary artery pressure would drop due to the increased recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

Q: .During exercise, how much variation would be expected to occur in the systolic blood pressure?a. increase by 20-80 mm Hgb. increase by 40-100 mm Hgc. increase less than 10 mm Hgd. Systolic pressure would remain unchanged with exercise

Q: What is the formula for calculating the maximum heart rate?a. maximum heart rate = 220 - (age in years)b. maximum heart rate = 250- (age in years x 2)c. maximum heart rate = 220 - (age in years x 1.5)d. maximum heart rate = 250 -(age in years +20)

Q: How does the Frank-Starling curve affect stroke volume during exercise?a. The increased venous return causes cardiac chambers to increase in size and thus contract with more forceb. The increased sympathetic stimulation causes the heart to be faster with smaller stroke volumesc. The Frank-Starling curve is only activated when the heart rate reaches 90% of the maximum targeted rated. The Frank-Starling law only affects heart rate, not stroke volume

Q: Why would stroke volume increase during exercise?I. Parasympathetic discharge increases cardiac contractilityII. Vasodilation of working muscles increases venous return to the heartIII. Vascoconstriction of peripheral venous blood reservoirs increases venous returna. II and III only b. I , II, and III c. I onlyd. I and III only

Q: Which of the following circulatory changes are expected during exercise?I. Rate and strength of cardiac contractions increaseII. Blood vessels in working muscles constrictIII. Blood vessels of peripheral vascular system dilateIV. Blood vessel of heart and brain constricta. I only c. I, II, and III onlyb. I, II, III and IV d. II only

Q: During heavy exercise, what change in perfusion to working muscles can occur?a. It can increase 25-fold b. It can increase 8-fold c. It can increase 12-foldd. It can increase 4-fold

Q: During heavy exercise, what change in CO can occur?a. It can increase 8-fold b. It can increase 4-fold c. It can increase 25-foldd. It can increase 2-fold

Q: In healthy adults at rest on FIO2 0.21, what does the mean alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference equal?a. 10 mm Hg b. 20 mm Hg c. 30 mm Hgd. 40 mm Hg

Q: At what exercise level would the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference be expected to change?a. It will increase when 40% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reachedb. It will increase when 60% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reachedc. It will start to decrease when 40% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reachedd. It will start to decrease when 60% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reached

Q: What primary factor is responsible for the normal change in oxygen diffusion capacity during maximum exercise?a. The increased cardiac output results in recuitment of pulmonary capillariesb. The increased cardiac output results in increased ventilation/perfusion mismatchc. Hyperventilation results in increased increased PaO2sd. Hyperventilation results in lowered H+ levels which shifts the oxygen dissociation curve

Q: What effect does maximum exercise have on oxygen diffusion capacity?a. It can increase up to 3-fold b. It can increase up to 10 fold c. It can decrease by 33%d. It can decrease by 10%

Q: What changes in arterial blood gases would be expected to occur exercise levels of 40% of maximum oxygen consumption?I. PaO2 would decreaseII. PaCO2 would decreaseIII. pH would remain unchangeda. III only b. I, II, and III c. I onlyd. II only

Q: During heavy exercise, what percent of the total oxygen consumption is consumed by the skeletal muscles?a. 95% + b. 75% c. 55%d. 35%

Q: At rest, what percent of the total oxygen consumption is consumed by the skeletal muscles ?a. 35-40% b. 25-30% c. 10-15%d. 50-55%

Q: During heavy exercise, what percent of the maximal exercise level is reached during the second stage?a. 60-70% b. 50-60% c. 40-50%d. 30-40%

Q: What changes in ventilatory pattern would be expected during the third stage of moderate exercise?a. alveolar ventilation stabilizesb. alveolar ventilation returns to pre-exercise levelc. alveolar ventilation increases rapidlyd. alveolar ventilation gradually increases until maximum ventilation is reached

Q: What change in ventilatory pattern is seen during the first stage of moderate exercise?a. increase in alveolar ventilation within seconds after onset of exerciseb. increase in alveolar ventilation within minutes of onset of exercisec. slight decrease in alveolar ventilation within seconds after onset of exercised. slight decrease in alveolar ventilation for first two minutes after onset of exercise

Q: By what amount can ventilation increase during strenuous exercise?a. up to 20-fold increase b. 10-fold increase c. 5-fold increased. 2-fold increase

Q: Which of the following pathways likely contribute to increased ventilation during exercise?I. Cerebral cortexII. Proprioceptors in moving muscles, tendons and jointsIII. Increased body temperaturea. I, II, and III b. I and II only c. II and III onlyd. I and III only

Q: What is the term for the point at which the energy pathways that produce lactic acid start to operate?a. Anaerobic threshold b. Aerobic threshold c. Cardiovascular thresholdd. Isometric threshold

Q: Which of the following contribute to the decrease in minute ventilation during non-REM sleep?I. Decreased metabolic rate during sleepII. Reduced ability of medulla to respond to ventilatory signals during sleepIII. Increased Raw caused by reduced upper airway muscle tomea. I, II, and III b. I only c. II onlyd. I and III only

Q: Which of the following physiologic changes occur during sleep?I. Colonic motility is decreasedII. Penile tumescence occurs during REMIII. Plasma growth hormones peak during Stage N3IV. The heart rate can increase by up to 35% during REMV. Cerebral blood flow decreases during non-REM sleepa. I, II, III, IV, and V b. I, II, III only c. I, III, V onlyd. II, III, and V only

Q: Which of the following statements are true?I. Parasympathetic activity begins at sleep onset and continues throughout nonREM sleepII. Somatic skeletal muscle tone is lowest during REMIII. Body temperature falls during REM sleep and increases during non REM sleepIV. Urine production decreases during REM and non-REM sleepa. I, II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I, III, and IV onlyd. I, II, and III only

Q: What does a score of 11 indicate on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale?a. Additional evaluation by a sleep specialist is recommendedb. Normal score- no followup neededc. Individual is getting enough sleepd. No such assessment tool exists

Q: Which sleep disorder can be treated with tracheostomy?a. OSA b. CSA c. RLSd. PLMD

Q: Which sleep disorder can be treated with negative pressure ventilation?a. CSA b. OSA c. RLSd. PLMD

Q: Which of the following factors exacerbate RLS?I. PregnancyII. CaffeineIII. DiabetesIV. Renal insufficiencya. I, II, III and IV b. II and III only c. II and IV onlyd. III and IV only

Q: .Which of the following statements are true regarding PLMD?I. It occurs during non-REM sleepII. The incidence increases with ageIII. It often occurs with RLSa. I, II, and III b. I only c. I and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: Which of the following are risk factors for CSA?I. Male genderII. CHF or atrial fibrillationIII. Use of opioidsIV. Over 65 years of agea. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II and III only c. I and IV onlyd. I and III only

Q: Which of the following risk factors are associated with OSA?I. ObesityII. Female genderIII. HypertensionIV. Enlarged tonsils or adenoidsa. I, III, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and IV onlyd. I, II, and IV

Q: What is the term for the condition characterized by the cessation of airflow with the absence of respiratory efforts?a. CSA b. OSA c. narcolepsyd. hypersomnia