Q&A Hero

Q: What is the term for the ability of the heart cells to transmit electrical current from cell to cell?a. conductivity b. contractility c. automaticityd. irritability

Q: What is the term for the ability of a cell to reach its threshold potential and respond to a stimulus?a. excitability b. conductivity c. contractilityd. automaticity

Q: What is the term for the unique ability of cells in the SA node to generate an action potential without being stimulated?a. automaticity b. excitability c. contractilityd. conductivity

Q: Approximately what percentage of the heart is composed of autorhythmic cells?a. 1% b. 12% c. 18%d. 24%

Q: During which phase of the action potential do the voltage-sensitive ion channels return to their pre-depolarization permeability?a. Phase 4 b. Phase 3 c. Phase 5d. Phase 0

Q: Which phase of the action potential prolongs the contraction of the myocardial cells?a. Phase 2 b. Phase 3 c. Phase 4d. Phase 5

Q: Which phase of the action potential represents initial repolarization of hte myocardial cells?a. Phase 1 b. Phase 2 c. Phase 3d. Phase 0

Q: Of the phases of the action potential, which phase represents rapid depolarization of the myocardial cells?a. Phase 0 b. Phase 1 c. Phase 4d. Phase 5

Q: At the end of Phase 0, what does the voltage inside the myocardial cell equal?a. +30 mV b. +15 mV c. -30 mVd. -90 mV

Q: What does the RMP of the myocardial cells equal?a. -90 mV b. -50 mV c. -30 mVd. -15 mV

Q: What are the three promary electrolytes responsible for the electrical difference across the resting membrane potential?a. potassium, sodium, and calcium b. potassium sodiun, and chloride c. sodium, chloride, and bicarbonated. sodium, chloride, and potassium

Q: What is the basic term for the phase in which the heart is not generating an action potential?a. polarized b. depolarized c. contractiled. conductive

Q: What is the term for the electrical currents that travel across the cell membranes of the heart?a. action potential b. nerve impulse c. stimulusd. conduction

Q: How is aerobic capacity affected by age?a. It decreases 50% between age 20 and 80b. It decreases 20% between age 20 and 80c. It remains constant between age 20 and 80d. It decreases 1% per year

Q: Which of the following contribute to elevated blood pressure in the elderly?I. Increased total peripheral vascular resistanceII. ObesityIII. Sodium intakeIV. Stressa. I, II, III, and IV b. I and III only c. I and II onlyd. I, II and III only

Q: How does aging affect the total peripheral vascular resistance?a. It increases 1% per year b. It increases 3% per year c. It decreases 1% per yeard. it decreases 3% per year

Q: By what amount does the cardiac output decrease after age 20?a. It decreases 1% per year b. It decreases 3% per year c. It decreases 2% per yeard. It decsreases 4% per year

Q: How are stroke volume and stroke volume index affected by aging?a. Both are diminishedb. Both are increasedc. The stroke volume decreases and the stroke index increasesd. The stroke index decreases and the stroke volume increases

Q: What is the maximum heart rate for a 70 year old?a. 150 beats/min b. 160 beats / minute c. 140 beats/mind. 180 beats/min

Q: How is the work of the heart affected by aging?a. It decreases 1% per year b. It increases 1% per year c. It decreases by 3% per yeard. It increases by 3% per year

Q: Between age 30 and 80, what change occurs in the thickness of the left ventricle?a. It increases by 25% b. It decreases by 25% c. It increases by 50%d. It decreases by 50%

Q: In the elderly, what effect does regular exercise have on resting heart rate, bone density, and blood pressure?a. Heart rate and blood pressure will decrease; Bone density will increaseb. All three parameters will decreasec. All three parameters will increased. Heart rate will remain stable; bone density will increase, and blood pressure will decrease

Q: By what percent does the maximal oxygen uptake change between age 20 and age60?a. It decreases by 35% b. It increases by 35% c. It decrease by 70%d. It increases by 70%

Q: What percentage of the elderly population is affected by a decreased cough reflex?a. 70% b. 50% c. 30%d. 10%

Q: How is the ventilatory response to hypercapnia affected in healthy men over age 65?a. It is decreased >40% b. It is decreased 30% c. It is decreased 20%d. It is decreased 10%

Q: How is the ventilatory response to hypoxia affected in healthy men over age 65?a. It is decreased >50% b. It is decreased 40% c. It is decreased 20%d. It is decreased 10%

Q: Which of the following factors may predispose the elderly to anemia?I. Replacement of red bone marrow in long bones with fatty marrowII. GI atrophyIII. GI bleedingIv. Insufficient income to purchase nutritious fooda. I, II, III, and IV b. I and III only c. I, II, and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: What changes can be expected in arterial venous oxygen content difference C(a-v)O2 with aging?a. It decreases with ageb. It is not affected by agingc. It remains constant until age 60 then increasesd. It remains constant until age 30 then increases

Q: What effect does aging have on PaCO2 in the healthy adult?a. PaCO2 remains constant throughout adult lifeb. It decreases 2 mmHg per year after age 45c. It increases 2 mmHg per year after age 45d. It decreases until age 75 then levels off.

Q: At what adult age does the PaO2 generally start to decline?a. 45 years b. 55 years c. 65 yearsd. 75 years

Q: What change can be expected in alveolar deadspace ventilation throughout adult life?a. It increases1mL/year b. It increases 10 mL/year c. It increases 0.1 L/yeard. It decreases 2 mL/year

Q: What change in DLCO is expected over the course of adult life?a. It will decrease by 20% b. It will decrease by 5% c. It will decrease by 30%d. It will decreaase by 40%

Q: What of the following is one of the most prominent physiologic changes associated with aging?a. reduced airflow expulsionb. decreased PaCO2c. increased DLCOd. decreased alveolar deadspace ventilation

Q: After age 20, how much does the FEV1 decrease for males?a. 30 mL/year b. 20 mL/year c. 40 mL/yeard. 50 mL/year

Q: In women, how much does the VC decrease per year?a. 20 mL/year b. 10 mL/year c. 40 mL/yeard. 50 mL/year

Q: By age 70, how much does the VC generally decrease?a. 40-50% b. 10-20% c. 20-30%d. 60-70%

Q: By age 60, what is the approximate value for the RV/TLC ratio?a. 35% b. 20% c. 50%d. 65%

Q: What changes would be expected in RV, VC and TLC with aging?a. RV will increase, VC will decrease, and TLC will remain constantb. RV and TLC will increase while VC will decreasec. RV will decrease, VC and TLC will remain constantd. VC and TLC will decrease while RV remains constant

Q: During exertion, how does the body compensate for the decreased compliance of the respiratory system associated with aging?a. increase the respiratory frequency b. increase the tidal volume c. decrease the respiratory frequencyd. decrease the tidal volume

Q: How does the work expenditure of a 60 year old to overcome static mechanical forces during normal breathing compare to that of a 20 year old?a. The work expenditure of the 60 year old is 20% higher than the work expenditure of the 20 year oldb. The work expenditure is approximately equalc. The work expenditure of the 60 year old is 200% greater than that of the 20 year oldd. The work expenditure of the 60 year old is only 80% of that of the 20 year old

Q: With aging, what changes can be expected in the costal cartilages and thoracic compliance?a. costal cartilages calcify causing a downward slant of the ribs making the thorax less compliantb. costal cartilages become more compliant causing the thorax to become more compliantc. the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance increasesd. the costal cartilages remain unchanged but the thoracic compliance will decrease

Q: After what age do the alveoli start to progressively deteriorate and enlarge?a. 30 years b. 40 years c. 50 yearsd. 60 years

Q: With aging, what changes are seen in the elastic recoil and compliance of the lungs?a. elastic recoil decreases and lung compliance increasesb. elastic recoil increase and lung compliance decreasesc. both will decreased. both will increase

Q: By what age is the growth and development of the lungs complete?a. 20 years b. 12 years c. 40 yearsd. 4 years

Q: Approximately how many people living in the United States are 65 years of age or older?a. 40 million + b. 30 million + c. 20 million+d. 10 million +

Q: If a registered repiratory therapist succesfully completes the NBRC's neonatal/pediatric specialty credential, what credential would be awarded?a. RRT-NPS b. CRT-NPS c. NPRCSd. None-no such credential exists

Q: During the first 72 hours in the life of a healthy newborn, what changes would be expected in arterial blood gases?I. pH would increaseII. PaCO2 would decreaseIII. HCO3- would increaseIV. PaO2 would increasea. I, II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and IV onlyd. II and IV only

Q: What is the normal tidal volume and TLC of an average newborn?a. Tidal volume 15 mL and TLC 155 mLb. Tidal volume 40 mL and TLC 300 mLc. Tidal volume 50 mL and TLC 400 mLd. Tidal volume 75 mL and TLC 500 mL

Q: What response would be expected if a newborn of 28 weeks gestational age received endotracheal suctioning?a. bradypnea or apnea would occurb. tachypnea would occur followed by apneac. no change in respiratory rate rate would occurd. the newborn would take a breath on top of a breath

Q: Which of the following nerves,when stimulated, causes a decrease in the respiratory and heart rates of the newborn?a. V cranial nerve (trigeminal) b. phrenic c. VII cranial nerved. IX cranial nerve

Q: What is the most common cause of respiratory failure in preterm infants?a. RDS b. meconium aspiration c. pneumoniad. BPD

Q: Constriction of the ductus arteriosus occurs in response toa. the newborn's increased PO2b. the newborn's decreased pHc. the increase in blood pressure in the left atriumd. the increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery

Q: What factor causes closure of the foramen ovale?a. increased blood pressure in the left atriumb. increased blood pressure in the right atriumc. increased PCO2 in the arterial bloodd. increased PO2 in the arterial blood

Q: What of the following factors cause a reduction in the pulmonary vascular resistance following the first breath?I. Increased alveolar pressure of oxygenII. Removal of lung fluid which reduces pressure on pulmonary vesselsIII. Increase in lung volumewhich widens the caliber of extralveolar vesselsa. I, II, and III b. I and II only c. I onlyd. II and III only

Q: What is the average value for airway resistance in a newborn?a. 30 cm H20/L/sec b. 3 cm H20/L/sec c. 0.005 /L/ sec/cm H20d. 0.50 L/sec/cm H20

Q: What intrapleural pressure must be generated to initiate the first breath?a. -40 cm H20 b. -400 cm H20 c. -4 cm H20d. 40 cm H20

Q: What is the average lung compliance of a neonate?a. 0.005 L/cm H20 b. 0.5 L/cm H20 c. 0.050 L/cm H20d. 0.005 mL/cm H20

Q: Which of the following factors contribute to stimulate the first breath?I. Tactile stimulationII. Stimulation of central chemoreceptorsIII. Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptorsIV. Thermal stimulia. I, II, III, IV b. I, II, and III only c. II and III onlyd. I and IV only

Q: What does the presence of phosphatidyglycerol (PG) in the amniotic fluid indicate?a. low risk of development of respiratory distressb. high risk of development of respiratory distressc. immature fetal lungsd. uncertain fetal lung maturity

Q: What would you conclude regarding a fetus' lung maturity if the S:A ratio equaled 60?a. fetal lung maturityb. immature fetal lungsc. uncertain lung maturityd. Unable to make a conclusion since the S:A ratio does not assess lung maturity

Q: How many alveoli would be expected in a 12 year old child?a. > 240 million b. 24 million c. 50 milliond. 100 million

Q: In a full-term newborn, how many alveoli are present at birth?a. 24 million b. 200 million c. 240 milliond. 50 million

Q: How is fetal lung fluid normally removed?I. Squeezed out during vaginal deliveryII. Absorbed by the pulmonary capillariesIII. Absorbed by the lymphatic systemIV. Removed by vigorous endobronchial suctioning by the delivery room staffa. I, II, and III only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and II onlyd. II and III only

Q: Where does fetal lung fluid originate?a. from alveolar cells b. from aspiration of amniotic fluid c. from maternal lymph vesselsd. from the stomach and esophagus

Q: What is the term for the procedure in which a sample of the fluid surrounding a fetus is removed via a needle inserted through the uterine wall and the fluid sample is analyzed for abnormalities?a. amniocentesis b. thoracentesis c. chorionic villi samplingd. sonography

Q: After birth, into what structure does the umbilical vein evolve?a. ligamentum teres (round ligament) of the liverb. lateral umbilical ligamentc. ligamentum venosum of the liverd. ligamentum arteriosum

Q: In the fetus, where does the majority of blood flow go after leaving the right atrium?a. left atrium b. right ventricle c. left ventricled. pulmonary artery

Q: Which vessels transports oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus?a. umbilical vein b. umbilical artery c. placental veind. placental artery

Q: Which of the following contribute to the wide variance between maternal and fetal PO2 and PCO2?I. The placenta is an actively metabolizing organII. Regional variations occur in placental permeabilityIII. Maternal and fetal vascular shunts occura. I, II, and III b. I and III only c. I and II onlyd. II and III only

Q: What is the term for the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall?a. abruptio placentae b. placenta previa c. placenta accretad. placenta percreta

Q: What of the following influence the oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal blood?I. Maternal -fetal PO2 gradientII. Higher hemoglobin concentration in fetal bloodIII. Lower affinity of HbF for oxygena. I and II only b. I, II, and III c. I and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: What is the normal PO2 in the umbilical arteries?a. 20 mm Hg b. 40 mm Hg c. 55 mm Hgd. 80 mm Hg

Q: Which of the following structure would compose the plavental cotyledons?I. Fetal vesselsII. Chorionic villiIII. Intervillous spacesa. I, II, and III b. I only c. II and III onlyd. I and II only

Q: At what gestational age does the placenta begin to develop?a. at implantation of the fertilized egg b. Day 3 c. Day 5d. Day 7

Q: Which of the following would be most likely to develop after delivery of a newborn at 27 weeks gestational age?a. PPHN b. meconium aspiration c. Tetralogy of Fallotd. Coarctation of the aorta

Q: At what gestational age does the terminal sac period begin?a. 24 weeks b. 22 weeks c. 20 weeksd. 26 weeks

Q: At what gestational age do primitive respiratory bronchioles appear?a. 17-24 weeks b. 12-16 weeks c. 25-28 weeksd. 8-12 weeks

Q: At what gestational age are all of the subsegmental bronchi present?a. 16 weeks b. 10 weeks c. 5 weeksd. 20 weeks

Q: At what gestational age after fertilization do primitive lobar bronchi first appear?a. 30-32 days b. 24-26 days c. 42-45 daysd. 38-40 days

Q: At what gestational age do lung buds first appear?a. 24th day b. 28th day c. 16th weekd. 21st week