Q&A Hero

Q: What is the term for an involuntary diaphragmatic spasm followed by sudden glottic closure?a. hiccup b. burp c. coughd. sneeze

Q: What effect does foreign matter in the trachea have on ventilation in a healthy adult?a. The cough reflex is activatedb. The sneeze reflex is activatedc. Apnea is triggeredd. An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is activated

Q: What effect does tactile stimulation of the larynx have on breathing?a. It causes temporary apnea b. It causes hyperpnea c. It causes tachypnead. It causes dyspnea

Q: Which receptors initiate reflexes in heart rate and breathing in response to changes in systemic blood pressure?a. carotid sinus and aortic baroreceptors b. aortic bodies and carotid bodies c. peripheral proprioceptorsd. J-receptors

Q: Which reflex or center allows conscious, voluntary control over breathing?a. cerebral cortex b. cerebellum c. hypothalamusd. pons

Q: Which respiratory reflex or center is triggered by strong emotions?a. hypothalamic controls b. peripheral proprioceptors c. Hering-Breuer reflexd. Irritant reflex

Q: What effect does an elevated body temperature have on ventilation?a. It causes an increased respiratory rateb. It causes a decreased respiratory ratec. It does not affect ventilationd. It causes apnea

Q: Which peripheral proprioceptors play a role in initiating and maintaining an increased respiratory rate during exercise?a. proprioceptors in joints and tendons b. proprioceptors in skin c. proprioceptors in musclesd. proprioceptors in muscles and skin

Q: What effect does sudden pain have on breathing?a. causes a short period of apneab. causes the respiratory rate to increasec. causes a decrease in respiratory rated. causes an increase in tidal volume

Q: Where are the peripheral proprioceptors located?I. MusclesII. TendonsIII. JointsIV. Pain receptors in skin and musclesa. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II, and IV only c. I and II onlyd. II, III, and IV only

Q: Which of the following can stimulate the J-receptors?I. Alveolar inflammationII. Pulmonary capillary edemaIII. Pulmonary emboliIV. Hypercapniaa. I, II, and III only b. I, II, II, and IV only c. I and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: When J-receptors are stilulated, what response is triggered?a. rapid, shallow breathing pattern b. slow, deep breathing pattern c. slow inspiration with breath holdd. rapid, deep breathing pattern

Q: What is the term for the C-fibers located near the alveolar capillaries?a. J-receptors b. A-receptors c. D-receptorsd. L receptors

Q: Which of the following may occur when the lungs are exposed to noxious gases and the irritant reflex is activated?I. Ventilatory rate increasesII. Reflex coughIII. SneezeIV. Bronchospasma. I, II, III, and IV b. I and III only c. I, II, and III onlyd. I and III only

Q: Below what temperature in the bronchi and bronchioles is the Hering-Breuer reflex inactive?a. < 8o C b. < 8o F c. 37o Cd. 98.6o F

Q: In which age group is the Hering-Breuer reflex most significant?a. newborns b. toddlers c. adults under age 50d. adults over age 50

Q: Where are the receptors associated with the Hering-Breuer reflex located?a. visceral pleura and walls of bronchi and bronchioleb. parietal pleura and walls of the bronchi and bronchiolesc. intercostal spaces and walls of the bronchi and bronchiolesd. visceral pleura and walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Q: What is another name for the Hering-Breuer reflex?a. inflation reflex b. deflation reflex c. irritant reflexd. Head's paradoxical reflex

Q: What impact will the administration of a high FIO2 likely have on a patient with chronic hypercapnia and hypoxemia?a. peripheral chemoreceptors may be suppressed by the excess oxygen being administered and ventilation would be depressedb. central chemoreceptors may be suppressed by the high O2 being administered and ventilation would be depressedc. peripheral chemoreceptors may be suppressed due to the low H+ and ventilation would be depressedd. both central and peripheral chemoreceptors would respond by triggering oxygen induced hyperventilation

Q: What would most likely trigger the peripheral chemoreceptors when uncontrolled diabetes is present?a. excessive H+ accumulation b. low PaCO2 c. low H+ levels in the bloodd. high PaCO2

Q: In addition to ventilatory changes, which of the following can occur in response to peripheralchemoreceptor stimulation?I. Peripheral vasoconstrictionII. Systemic arterial hypertensionIII. BradycardiaIV. Increased pulmonary vascular resistancea. I, II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and II onlyd. I and IV only

Q: Which of the following can stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?I. HypoperfusionII. Increased temperatureIII. Nicotinea. I, II, and III b. I only c. I and III onlyd. II only

Q: What is the secondary stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?a. increased H+ level b. decreased PaCO2 c. decreased H+ leveld. increased PaCO2

Q: If a low-land resident ascends to a high mountain altitude, which of the following would be stimulated first?a. peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2b. peripheral chemoreceptors due to drop in PaCO2c. central chemoreceptors due to drop in PaO2d. central chemoreceptors due to increase in H+ in CSF

Q: In which of the following conditions would PaO2 be normal but CaO2 would be reduced?I. Chronic anemiaII. CO poisoningIII. Methemoglobinemiaa. I, II and III b. I only c. I and III onlyd. I and II only

Q: When a patient has a low PaO2 with a chronically high PaCO2, how is ventilation exclusively controlled?a. by the peripheral chemoreceptors b. by the central chemoreceptors c. by the VRG and DRGd. by the apneustic center

Q: At what point are the peripheral chemoreceptors suppressed?a. PaO2 below 30 mm Hg b. PaCO2 below 30 mm Hg c. PaO2 below 60 mmHgd. PaCO2 below 60 mmHg

Q: At what point are the peripheral chemoreceptors initially activated?a. PaO2 of 60 mmHg b. PaO2 of 30 mmHg c. PaCO2 of 60 mmHgd. PaCO2 of 30 mmHg

Q: Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the aortic bodies to the medulla?a. X cranial nerve b. IX cranial nerve c. phrenicd. XI cranial nerve

Q: Which nerve transmits afferent signals from the carotid body to the medulla?a. IX cranial b. X cranial c. XI craniald. phrenic

Q: Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?a. aortic arch and carotid arteries b. lateral walls of medulla oblongata c. lateral walls of ponsd. femoral arteries and aortic arch

Q: What is the primary stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?a. low PaO2 b. low PO2 of CSF c. changes in PaCO2d. H+ concentration of CSF

Q: Which of the following can readily cross the blood-brain barrier?I. CO2 moleculesII. Bicarbonate ionsIII. H+ ionsa. I only b. II only c. I and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: Where are the central chemoreceptors located?a. lateral and ventral portion of the medulla oblongata.b. lateral and ventral portion of the ponsc. aortic arch and carotid bodiesd. lateral walls of cerebral cortex

Q: What separates the blood from the CSF in the medulla?a. a semipermeable membrane called the blood-brain barrierb. a membrane that is permeable to H+ and bicarbonate ionsc. a thick gelatinous membrane that is impermeable to CO2 moleculesd. nothing-they are in direct contact

Q: What is the most powerful stimulus of the medullary respiratory centers?a. increased H+ in CSF b. increased PaCO2 c. decreased PaO2d. decreased PaCO2 in CSF

Q: What effect will a complete injury above C3-C5 have on a patient's spontaneous ventilation?a. complete diaphragmatic paralysis would result -patient would require mechanical ventilationb. partial diaphragmatic paralysis would result -patient would initially require mechanical ventilationc. patient would require supplemental oxygen but would still be able to breathe spontaneouslyd. ventilation would be unaffected since the respiratory centers are safely located in the brain

Q: Which nerve emerges from the spinal cord between C3 and C5?a. phrenic b. vagus c. IX craniald. XI cranial

Q: Which portion of the brain receives inhibitory signals from the Hering Breuer reflex?a. apneustic center b. PRG c. DRGd. VRG

Q: What is the term for prolonged breathing in the inspiratory phase which can result from a pontine lesion?a. apneustic breathing b. apnea c. dyspnead. arrhythmic breathing

Q: What are the divisions of the pontine respiratory centers?a. PRG and apneustic center b. DRG and apneustic center c. VRG and apneustic centerd. PRG and proprioceptor center

Q: Which portion of the brain smooths the transition bewteen inspiration and expiration?a. PRG b. apneustic center c. DRGd. VRG

Q: Which portion of the brain gathers information from the peripheral stretch receptors and relays it to the VRG?a. DRG b. apneustic center c. hypothalamusd. PRG

Q: Which portion of the brain relays information from the chemoreceptors to the VRG?a. DRG b. PRG c. apneustic centerd. hypothalamus

Q: At what approximate rate do the VRG's expiratory neurons fire per minute in a healthy adult at rest?a. 12-15 times b. 4-8 times c. 18-22 timesd. 24-28 times

Q: What effect will supression of the VRG by overdose of alcohol or morphine have on ventilation?a. breathing completely stopsb. respiratory rate increasesc. respiratory rate decreasesd. respiratory rate and depth of breathing increases

Q: Which of the following are located in the medulla oblongata?I. VRGII. PRGIII. DRGIV. apneustic centera. I and III only b. I and II only c. I, II, and III onlyd. II and IV only

Q: Which portion of the brain coordinates the rate, depth, and rhythm?a. VRG b. DRG c. PRGd. apneustic center

Q: Which portion of the brain triggers inspiration?a. VRG b. DRG c. PRGd. apneustic center

Q: In which portion of the brain controls the rhythmicity of respiration?a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. cerebral cortexd. cerebellum

Q: What is the normal value for ETCO2 in a healthy young adult?a. 5% b. 8% c. 15%d. 18%

Q: Which of the following statements are true regarding a capnogram?I. It is a direct measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungsII. It is an indirect measurement of PCO2 eliminated by the lungsIII. It is an indirect measurement of PvCO2IV. It is a direct measurement of PaCO2a. I and III only b. I and IV only c. II and III onlyd. II and IV only

Q: What is the term for the quantity of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in one minute during external respiration?a. respiratory exchange ratio b. respiratory quotient c. ventilation perfusion ratiod. end tidal CO2: O2

Q: What is the term for the ratio between the volume of oxygen consumed by tissues in one minute and the volume of carbon dioxide produced and is a reflection of internal respiration?a. respiratory quotient b. ventilation-perfusion ratio c. respiratory exchange ratiod. ETCO2/O2

Q: What effect does a reduced ventilation perfusion ratio have on end-capillary PO2 and PCO2?a. end capillary PO2 will decrease and end capillary PCO2 will increaseb. end capillary PO2 will increase and end capillary PCO2 will decreasec. end capillary PO2 and PCO2 will both decreased. end capillary PO2 will decrease while end capillary PCO2 will remain constant

Q: What effect would upper airway obstruction have on ventilation-perfusion ratio, PAO2 and PACO2?a. The V/Q ratio and PAO2 will decrease and PACO2 will increaseb. The V/Q ratio and PACO2 will decrease and PAO2 will increasec. The V/Q ratio and PACO2 will increase and PAO2 will decreased. The V/Q ratio and PAO2 will increase and PACO2 will decrease

Q: What changes would be expected in the ventilation-perfusion ratio in the presence of excessive blood loss?a. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will increase.b. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will decreasec. The ventilation-perfusion ratio will remain constantd. The ventilation-perfusion ratio initially decreases will increase then will decrease dramatically

Q: When a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio occurs, which of the following changes will occur:I. PAO2 will increaseII. PAO2 will decreaseIII. PACO2 will increaseIV. PACO2 will decreaseV. pH will decreasea. II ,III, and V only b. 1, III, and V only c. II and IV onlyd. I, IV, and V only

Q: In the upright position, which region of the right lung would have the lowest ventilation-perfusion ratio?a. lower lobe b. upper lobe c. middle lobed. hilum

Q: In the upright position, which portion of the right lung would have the highest ventilation-perfusion ratio?a. apex of upper lobe b. lower lobe c. middle lobed. hilum

Q: What is the term for the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary capillary blood flow?a. ventilation-perfusion ratio b. respiratory exchange ratio c. respiratory quotientd. respiratory rate

Q: What does the overall ventilation perfusion ratio equal in a healthy adult?a. 0.8 b. 0.6 c. 0.4d. 0.25

Q: What would the RQ equal if the volume of CO2 produced was 220 mL/min and the volume of O2 consumed was 300 mL/min?a. 1.36 b. 0.73 c. 0.88d. 0.66

Q: What would the ventilation-perfusion ratio equal if pulmonary capillary blood flow equals 4 L/min and the minute alveolar ventilation equals 5 L/min?a. 1.25 b. 0.8 c. 1.0d. 0.66

Q: What would the ventilation-perfusion ratio equal if the pulmonary blood flow is 5.4 L/min and the alveolar tidal volume is 350 mL, and the respiratory rate is 12/min?a. 0.78 b. 0.85 c. 0.66d. 0.54

Q: Which of the following conditions would result in an increased ETCO2?I. SeizuresII. HyperthermiaIII. HemorrhageIV. Pulmonary embolia. I and II only b. I, II, and III only c. I and III onlyd. II, III, and IV only

Q: Which of the following will result in a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?I. AsthmaII. EmphysemaaIII. Pulmonary fibrosisIV. Pulmonary embolia. I, II, and III only b. I, II, and IV only c. 1, II, III, and IVd. II, III, and IV only

Q: Which of the following conditions would result in an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?I. Pulmonary emboliII. Pulmonary HypertensionIII. PneumothoraxIV. Cardiac arresta. I, II, III, IV b. I. II, and III only c. I, and III onlyd. II, III, and IV only

Q: Following emergency endotracheal intubation, what would an ETCO2 of zero indicate?a. esophageal tube placement b. correct endotracheal placement c. right mainstem placementd. left mainstem placement

Q: Which waveform on a capnogram is characteristic of bronchospasm that occurs during a severe asthmatic episode?a. shark-fin b. sine wave c. sawtoothd. square wave

Q: Which acid base abnormality is present if the base excess is calculated to be -9 mEq/L?a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis

Q: Which acid base abnormality is present if the ABG revealed a pH of 7.63, PaCO2 of 27 mmHg, and HCO3- of 31 mEq/L?a. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosisb. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisc. metabolic alkalosisd. respiratory alkalosis

Q: Which acid base abnormality results from hypokalemia?a. metabolic alkalosisb. metabolic acidosisc. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisd. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

Q: Which of the following are causes of metabolic alkalosis?I. HypochloremiaII. Excessive vomitingIII. Severe diarrheaIV. Diuretic therapya. I, II, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. II and III onlyd. I, II, and III only

Q: Which acid-base abnormality would be present if the ABG revealed a pH of 7.52, PaCO2 42, and HCO3- of 30 mEq/L?a. metabolic alkalosisb. metabolic acidosisc. respiratory alkalosisd. combined respiratory and metabolic alkalosis

Q: What is the interpretation of the acid base status for the following ABG: pH 7.08. PaCO2 75 mmHg, HCO3- 20 mEq/La. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosisc. acute metabolic acidosisd. acute respiratory acidosis

Q: A semi-conscious patient with a severe asthma episode continues to deteriorate clinically in ER and does not respond to treatment. Which acid base abnormality would you expect to be present?a. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. respiratory acidosisc. metabolic acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis

Q: Which acid base abnormality would likely occur in a patient with acute ventilatory failure who has a complete cardiac and respiratory arrest?a. combined metabolic and respiratory acidosisb. metabolic acidosisc. respiratory acidosisd. combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis

Q: Which of the following would occur in partially compensated metabolic acidosis?a. pH, PaCO2, and HCO3- would be below normal limitsb. pH would be normal and PaCO2 and HCO3- would be below normal limitsc. pH would be above normal limits and PaCO2 and HCO3- would be below normal ranged. pH would be above normal limits, PaCO2 would be above normal range, and HCO3- would be below normal range

Q: Which acid base abnormality is suspected when a patient presents with Kussmaul's breathing and a fruity breath odor?a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosisd. respiratory alkalosis