Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following pulmonary shunt values indicates a potentially life-threatening clinical situation?a. 35% b. 23% c. 17%d. 8%

Q: What value is derived when (CcO2-CaO2) is divided by (CcO2-CvO2 )a. intrapulmonary shunt (QS/QT) b. A-a gradient c. O2ERd. VO2

Q: What is the end result of venous admixture?a. reduced PaO2 and reduced CaO2 returning to left side of the heartb. reduced PaO2 and reduced CaO2 returning to left side of the heartc. increased PaO2 and increased CaO2 returning to left side of the heartd. increased PaO2 and increased CaO2 returning to left side of the heart

Q: What term is described as "pulmonary perfusion in excess of alveolar ventilation"?a. relative shunt b. deadspace c. anatomic shuntd. wasted ventilation

Q: Which of the following shunts compose true shunts?a. anatomic and capillary b. anatomic and relative c. capillary and relatived. anatomic and deadspace

Q: Which of the following would cause capillary shunts?I. AtelectasisII. Severe pulmonary edemaIII. Pneumoniaa. I, II, and III b. I only c. II onlyd. I and II only

Q: What is the general term for the situation when blood flows from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side without passing through the alveolar capillary system?a. anatomic shunt b. relative shunt c. shunt-like effectd. left-to-right shunt

Q: In a normal lung, how large is the normal anatomic shunt?a. 3% of cardiac output b. 6% of cardiac output c. 9% of cardiac outputd. less than 1% of cardiac output

Q: What is another term for absolute shunts?a. true shunts b. relative shunts c. deadspaced. shunt-like effects

Q: What effect would cyanide poisoning and hypothermia have on VO2 and the O2ER?a. Both would decreaseb. Both would increasec. VO2 would increase and O2ER would decreased. VO2 would decrease and O2ER would increase

Q: What effect would hyperthermia and shivering have on VO2 and the O2ER?a. Both would increaseb. Both would decreasec. VO2 would increase and O2ER would decreased. VO2 would decrease and O2ER would increase

Q: Using the normal values for DO2 and VO2 for a healthy adult, how long would it take to deplete the oxygen stores in the body if an adult experienced a complete respiratory arrest?a. about 4 minutes b. about 2 minutes c. about 8 minutesd. about 10 minues

Q: A patient has a reported CaO2 of 19 vol%, cardiac output of 4.8 L/min, and CvO2 of 14 vol%. What would the oxygen extraction ratio equal?a. 26.3% b. 50% c. 74%d. insufficent info provided to calculate

Q: A patient has a reported CaO2 of 19 vol% , cardiac output of 4.8 L/min, and CvO2 of 14 vol%. What would the oxygen consumption equal?a. 240 mLO2/ min b. 250 mL O2/min c. 960 mL O2/mind. insufficent info provided to calculate

Q: A patient has a reported SaO2 of 90%, hemoglobin 15 g%, PaO2 of 61 mmHg, cardiac output of 6 L/min, and CvO2 of 14.2 vol%. What would the C(a-v) O2 equal?a. 4.07 vol% b. 5 vol% c. 6.07 vol%d. insufficent info provided to calculate

Q: What would the DO2 equal if a patient has a CaO2 of 18 vol% and a CO of 6 L/min.a. 1080 mL O2/min b. 960 mL O2/ min c. 333 mL O2/mind. 618 mL O2/min

Q: What is derived when (content of oxygen in arterial blood x 10) is multiplied by cardiac output?a. total oxygen delivery b. oxygen consumption c. oxygen extraction ratiod. shunt

Q: During an acute asthma episode, a female patient arrived in ER and on room air was found to have a pH 7.25, PaCO2 71 mm Hg, PaO2 27 mmHg. What effect would these blood gases have on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?a. pH and PCO2 would shift the curve to the rightb. pH and PCO2 would shift the curve to the leftc. pH would cause left shift but PCO2 would cause right shiftd. PCO2 would cause left shift but pH would cause right shift

Q: How would a PO2 of 80 mm Hg affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen to peripheral tissues?a. the curve would not be shifted and oxygen delivery would remain normalb. the curve would left but oxygen delivery would remain normalc. the curve would shift right and enhance oxygen deliveryd. the curve would shift left and reduce oxygen delivery

Q: Which of the following increase the 2, 3 BPG levels?I. hypoxiaII. anemiaIII. blood stored for more than 1 weekIV. decreased pHa. I and II only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I, II, and III onlyd. I, III, and IV only

Q: Which of the following shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?I. Fetal Hb (HbF)II. carboxyhemoglobinIII. increased H+ concentrationa. I and II only b. I, II, and III c. II and III onlyd. I and III only

Q: Which of the following shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?I. decreased pHII. increased body temperatureIII. increased PaCO2IV. decreased 2,3 BPGa. I, II, and III only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and III onlyd. I and IV only

Q: Using the 40-50-60/70-80-90 Rule, what PaO2 would be predicted if the SpO2 were 80%?a. 50 mm Hg b. 60 mm Hg c. 40 mm Hgd. 70 mm Hg

Q: What does a P50 of 30 indicate?a. a rightward shift of the curve meaning a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2b. a rightward shift of the curve meaning an increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2c. a leftward shift of the curve meaning a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2d. a leftward shift of the curve meaning an increased affinity of hemoglobin for O2

Q: What is the normal P50?a. 27 mm Hg b. 20 mm Hg c. 30 mm Hgd. 50 mm Hg

Q: What impact does the steep portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve have on oxygen delivery?a. PO2s below 60 enhance the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to the tissuesb. PO2s below 60 prevents the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to tissuesc. No oxygen can be released to tissues until PO2s are above 60 mm Hgd. Oxygen binds irreversibly with hemoglobin until the P50 is reached

Q: Which portion of the oxhemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates that hemoglobin has a safety zone for the loading of oxygen in the lungs?a. flat portion between 90-100% saturationb. steep portion between 0-25% saturationc. steep portion between 50-90% saturationd. flat portion between 50-75% saturation

Q: From 97% and 90% saturation on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what change occurs in the PO2?a. It falls from 100mm Hg to 60 mm Hgb. It rises from 60 mm Hg to 100 mm Hgc. It rises from 27mm Hg to 40 mm Hgd. It falls from 75mm hg to 60 mm Hg

Q: Which variable appears on the horizontal portion (x axis) of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation nomogram?a. oxygen partial pressureb. total oxygen contentc. percentage of hemoglobin chemically bound to oxygend. barometric pressure

Q: Which variable appears on the left side (y axis) of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve nomogram?a. percentage of hemoglobin chemically bound to oxygenb. total oxygen contentc. oxygen pressured. barometric pressure

Q: What does a hematocrit of 51% indicate for a 50 year old male residing at seal level?a. polycythemia b. normal value c. anemiad. carboxyhemoglobinemia

Q: What does a hematocrit of 54% indicate for a 40 year old male residing at seal level?a. polycythemia b. anemia c. normal valued. hemophilia

Q: What is the formula for calculating CcO2?a. (Hb x 1.34) + (PAO2 x 0.003)b. (Hb x 1.34) + (PvO2 x 0.003)c. (Hb x 1.34) + (PAO2 x 0.03)d. (Hb x 1.34) + (PAO2 x 0.03)

Q: What is derived from the following formula?(Hb x 1.34 x SvO2) + (PvO2 x 0.003)a. CvO2 b. CaO2 c. CcO2d. DO2

Q: A patient with a gunshot wound arrived via ambulance at the ER with Hb 4g%, SaO2 98% on FIO2 1.0 and PaO2 of 503 mm Hg. What would her oxygen content equal?a. 6.76 vol% O2 b. 20.1 vol %O2 c. 12.6 vol% O2d. 9.8 vol% O2

Q: What would the total oxygen content equal if the hemoglobin was 16g%, SaO2 was 90% and PaO2 was 63 mm Hg?a. 19.48 vol%b. 21.6 vol%c. 20.1 vol %d. 19.8 vol%

Q: What quantity of oxygen would be transported if Hb was 12g% and the SaO2 was 90%?a. 14.47 vol% O2b. 16.08 vol% O2c. 19.8 vol%d. 16.98 vol%

Q: What is the normal hemoglobin value for adult males?a. 14-16 g% b. 12-15 g% c. 15-18 g%d. 12-18 g%

Q: What is the normal hemoglobin value for adult females?a. 12-15 g% b. 10-14 g% c. 14-16g%d. 12-18 g%

Q: Which vessels contribute to normal physiologic shunts?I. bronchial veinII. thebesian veinsIII. pulmonary capillaries that perfuse underventilated alveolia. I, II, III b. I and II only c. I and III onlyd. III only

Q: If the hemoglobin level is 16 g%, what is the maximum quantity of oxygen that can be transported bound to the hemoglobin?a. 21.44 vol % b. 21.74 vol% c. 20.93 vol %d. 16 vol%

Q: In which type of hemoglobin is the iron in the ferric state?a. methemoglobin b. HbA c. HbFd. carboxyhemoglobin

Q: Which type of hemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains?a. HbF b. HbS c. HbOd. HbM

Q: How many alpha and beta chains are present in a HbA molecule?a. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains b. 1 alpha and 1 beta chain c. 141 alpha and 146 beta chainsd. 146 alpha and 141 beta chains

Q: What is the term for Hb?a. deoxyhemoglobin b. oxyhemoglobin c. methemoglobind. carboxyhemoglobin

Q: What is the term for HbO2?a. oxyhemoglobin b. reduced hemoglobin c. carboxyhemoglobind. carbaminohemoglobin

Q: How many heme groups are in each Hb A molecule?a. 4 b. 15c. 280 milliond. 1.34

Q: Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are contained in one RBC?a. 280 million b. 4 c. 15d. 1.34

Q: At body temperature and a PaO2 of 500 mmHg, how much oxygen can dissolve in the plasma?a. 1.5 vol% b. 0.15 vol% c. 15 vol%d. 0.015 vol%

Q: At body temperature, how much oxygen is transported in the plasma if the PaO2 is 70 mm Hg?a. 0.21 vol% b. 21 vol % c. 0.021 vol %d. 2.1 vol%

Q: How much oxygen can dissolve in a plasma at body temperature?a. 0.003 mL/dL/mmHg PO2 b. 0.03 mL/dL/mmHg PO2 c. 0.3 mL/dL/mmHg PO2d. 1.34 mL/dL/mmHg PO2

Q: Which of the following can occur with PPV?I. Decreased cardiac outputII. Decreased arterial blood pressureIII. Increased pulmonary vascular resistancea. I, II, and III b. I only c. I and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: What is the term for the stretching of vessels that were previously open but not to their full capacity?a. distention b. recruitment c. overfilld. engorgement

Q: What effect would hypercapnia and metabolic acidemia have on the pulmonary vascular system?a. Both would cause vasoconstrictionb. Both would cause vasodilationc. Hypercapnia would cause vasoconstriction but metabolic acidemia would not affect the pulmonary vascular systemd. Metabolic acidemia would cause vasodilation and hypercapnia would cause vasoconstriction

Q: How will hypoxia affect the pulmonary capillary bed and pulmonary vascular resistance?a. The pulmonary capillary bed constricts and pulmonary vascular resistance increasesb. The pulmonary vascular bed constricts and pulmonary vascular resistance decreasesc. The pulmonary vascular bed dilates and pulmonary vascular resistance fallsd. The pulmonary vascular bed constricts but the pulmonary vascular resistance does not change

Q: Which of the following is derived when MAP is divided by CO?a. vascular resistance b. stroke volume c. VDEPd. LVSWI

Q: Which of the following conditions is associated with right heart failure?a. cor pulmonale b. pulmonary edema c. pneumothoraxd. pneumonia

Q: What is the term for an increase in myocardial contractility?a. positive inotropism b. negative inotropism c. positive chronotropismd. negative chronotropism

Q: Which pulmonary disorder results secondary to left ventricular failure?a. pulmonary edema b. pulmonary emboli c. pneumoniad. pneumothorac

Q: Which of the following affect ventricular afterload?I. Volume and viscosity of blood ejectedII. Peripheral vascular resistanceIII. Cross-sectional area of vascular space into which blood is ejecteda. I, II, and III b. I only c. II onlyd. III only

Q: What is the relationship between VEDP and CO called?a. Frank Starling curve b. Bachmann's curve c. Fick's curved. Doppler curve

Q: In the upright lung of a normal adult, which zone is considered to be gravity dependent?a. Zone 3 b. Top of Zone 1 c. Top of Zone 2d. Bottom of Zone 1

Q: What is the term for ventilation of alveoli without perfusion?a. alveolar deadspace b. shunt c. silent unitsd. anatomical deadspace

Q: In the prone position, what is the gravity dependent area of the lungs?a. anterior portion of both lungs b. posterior portion of both lungs c. apices only of both lungsd. bases only of both lungs

Q: What is the average volume of blood contained in the pulmonary capillary bed of a healthy adult?a. 75 mL b. 150 mL c. 250 mLd. 500 mL

Q: What portion of the normal adult blood volume is contained in the heart?a. 15% b. 10% c. 25%d. 35%

Q: What portion of the normal adult blood volume is contained in the pulmonary circulation?a. 10% b. 25% c. 60%d. 75%

Q: What does the cardiac output equal when stroke volume is 75 mL and heart rate is 80 beats/min?a. 6000 mL/min b. 5600 mL c. 7500 mLd. 4800 mL

Q: In the normal adult, what is the driving pressure of the systemic circulatory system?a. 98 mm Hg b. 40 mm Hg c. 10 mm Hgd. 78 mm Hg

Q: What would MAP equal if a patient had a blood pressure of 140/95?a. 110 b. 100 c. 95d. 80

Q: In a normal adult, what is the normal range for MAP?a. 80-100 b. 60-80 c. 100-120d. 40-60

Q: What is the normal systolic and diastolic pressure in the pulmonary system?a. 25/8 mm Hg b. 120/80 mm Hg c. 90/60 mm Hgd. 40/20 mm Hg

Q: In Case Study 1, the patient's blood pressure was 78/42 mm Hg. What would her MAP equal?a. 54 mm Hg b. 62 mm Hg c. 36 mm Hgd. 68 mm Hg

Q: How effect does hypovolemia have on ventricular preload?a. As preload decreases, cardiac output decreases so BP would dropb. As preload decreases, cardiac output increases so BP would increasec. As preload decreases, cardiac output decreases and BP would increased. Ventricular preload is not affected by hypovolemia

Q: What is another term for intraluminal pressure?a. intravascular pressure b. transmural pressure c. driving pressured. back pressure

Q: What is one of the primary goals of carotid sinus massage?a. slow patient's heart rate b. increase heart rate c. increase blood pressured. relieve neck tension

Q: Which nerve innervates the baroreceptors in the aortic arch?a. vagus b. phrenic c. glossopharyngeald. hypoglossal

Q: Which nerve innervates the carotid sinuses?a. IX cranial b. X cranial c. XI craniald. phrenic

Q: What is another name for baroreceptors?a. pressoreceptors b. proprioceptors c. chemoreceptorsd. juxtacapillary receptors

Q: What is the term for the moderate state of vascular contraction from continuous sympathetic stimulation?a. vasomotor tone b. sensory overload c. hypercontractiond. perpetual sympathesis