Medicine

Q: In the ideal alveolar gas equation, what does 1.25 represent?a. correction factor for variations in respiratory exchange ratiob. correction factor for variations in barometric pressurec. correction factor for variations in water vapor pressured. correction factor for variations in FIO2

Q: What is the normal value for the respiratory exchange ratio?a. 0.8 b. 1.0 c. 0.6d. 1.25

Q: At sea level, what would the PAO2 equal if the PB is 760 mm Hg, the PaCO2 is 40 mm Hg with FIO2 1.0?a. 673 mm Hg b. 600 mm Hg c. 573 mm Hgd. 100 mm Hg

Q: What is derived from the following equation?X = [PB -PH20] FIO2 - PaCO2 (1.25)a. PAO2 b. PaO2 c. PACO2d. PN2

Q: What is absolute humidity of alveolar gas?a. 44 mg/L b. 47 mg/L c. 40 mg/Ld. 21 mg/L

Q: What is the definition of molecular water?a. water in the gaseous formb. water in the liquid formc. water in the solid formd. water in either gaseous or liquid form

Q: What accounts for the change in PO2 between the atmosphere and alveoli?I. Water vapor pressure in alveolar gasII. PCO2 is higher in alveolus than in the atmospheric gasIII. Higher percentage of N2 in alveolar gasIV. PB is lower in the alveoli than in the atmospherea. I and II only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and IVonlyd. I, II and IV only

Q: What does the PH2Oequal in alveolar gas if the FIO2 is 0.21?a. 47 mm Hg b. 40 mm Hg c. 100 mm Hgd. 573 mm Hg

Q: What is the term for the movement of gas molecules from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure?a. diffusion b. osmosis c. dispersiond. ventilation

Q: What would the partial pressure of oxygen equal in an air mixture at a depth of 99 feet under water?a. 159 x 4 or 636 mm Hg b. 159 x 3 or 477 mm Hg c. 159 x 2 or 318 mm Hgd. 159 mm Hg

Q: When breathing FIO2 1.0 at seal level, what would the PN2 in the alveoli equal?a. 0 b. 573 mm Hg c. 593 mm Hgd. 47 mm Hg

Q: When breathing room air, what is the PN2 in the alveoli?a. 573 mm Hg b. 593 mm Hg c. 700 mm Hgd. 473 mmHg

Q: What effect does an increased altitude have on the percentage that gases compose in the atmosphere?a. the percentages remain the same but the partial pressures would decrease with altitudeb. the partical pressures remain the same but the percentages would decreasec. the percentages and the partial pressures would increased. the percentages and the partial pressures would decrease

Q: What percentage of the atmosphere does nitrogen compose?a. 78% b. 88% c. 68%d. 58%

Q: What percentage of the atmosphere does carbon dioxide compose?a. 0.03% b. 0.3% c. 3%d. 0.003%

Q: What would the partial pressure of oxygen equal if the barometric pressure was 600 mm Hg?a. 125 mm Hg b. 159 mm Hg c. 100 mm Hgd. 60 mm Hg

Q: At sea level, what does the PN2 of the atmosphere equal in mmHg ?a. 593 mm Hg b. 760 mm Hg c. 159 mm Hgd. 100 mmHg

Q: Which gas law is represented by Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3.... ?a. Dalton's b. Boyle's c. Henry'sd. Charles'

Q: Which gas law states that the total pressure exterted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture?a. Dalton's b. Henry's c. Graham'sd. Boyle's

Q: Which gas law is the law of partial pressures?a. Dalton's law b. Henry's law c. Boyle's lawd. Graham's law

Q: What is the classic diagnostic sign that verifies that a patient has emphysema rather than other types of chronic obstructive disorders?a. decreased DLCO b. increased RV c. increased FRCd. decreased FEV1

Q: Which of the following is true related to oxygen diffusion?a. It is normally perfusion limited but under certain abnormal pulmonary conditions can become diffusion limitedb. It is normally diffusion limited but under certain abnormal pulmonary condition can become perfusion limitedc. It can only be diffusion limitedd. It can only be perfusion limited

Q: What is the normal diffusion capacity of CO?a. 25 mL/min/mm Hg b. 20 mL/min/mm Hg c. 40 mL/min/mmHgd. 60 mL/min/mmHg

Q: Which gas is used to test the physiologic effectiveness of the alveolary-capillary membrane?a. CO b. CO2 c. O2d. N2O

Q: What is described by the following: "the movement of gas across the alveolar wall is a function of the integrity of the alveolar-capillary membrane"?a. diffusion limited b. diffusion c. perfusion limitedd. perfusion

Q: What is the term for the situation in which "the rate of gas transfer across the alveolar wall is a function of the amount of blood that flows past the alveoli" ?a. perfusion limited b. diffusion limited c. diffusiond. penduluft

Q: Which of the following conditions reduce the alveolar surface area?I. EmphysemaII. Excessive airway secretionsIII. PneumothoraxIV. Sinusititsa. I, II, and III only b. I, II, III, and IV c. I and III onlyd. I only

Q: How do the rates of diffusion of CO2 and O2 compare?a. CO2 diffuses 20 times faster than O2b. O2 diffuses 20 times faster than CO2c. CO2 diffuses 10 times faster than O2d. O2 diffuses 10 times faster than CO2

Q: Which law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas through the liquid is directly proportional to the solubility coefficient of the gas and inversely proportional to the square root of the GMW of the gas?a. Graham's law b. Henry's law c. Fick's lawd. Dalton's law

Q: What is the solubility of oxygen at 760 mm Hg and 37 C?a. 0.0244 mL/mm Hg/mL H2O b. 0.592 mL/mm Hg/ mL H2O c. 0.25 mL/mm Hg/mL H2Od. 0.75 mL/mm Hg/mL H2O

Q: What does an RSBI of 110 indicate?a. predicts failure on a weaning trialb. predicts readiness to weanc. error in calculation - impossible to obtain such a number for this indexd. insufficient information provided to make a conclusion

Q: What is an excellent predictor of weaning success in mechanically ventilated patients?a. RSBI b. ABGs c. PEFRd. RV/TLC

Q: Which of the following indicate a patient is ready to attempt unassisted ventilation?a. MIP greater than -25 cm H20 and MEP greater than 50 cm H20b. MIP greater than -25 mm Hg and MEP greater than 50 mm Hgc. MIP lower than -25 cm H20 and MEP lower than 50 cm H20d. MIP lower than -25 mm Hg and MEP lower than 50 mm Hg

Q: At what lung capacity or volume should MIP be measured?a. RV b. TLC c. FRCd. VT

Q: At what lung capacity or volume should MEP be measured?a. TLC b. RV c. FRCd. VT

Q: What gas is used when the "single breath technique" is performed?a. CO b. room air c. Nitrogend. 100% Oxygen

Q: At STPD, what is the normal value for DLCO for a resting adult male?a. 25 mL/min/mmHg b. 2.5 mL/min/mmHg c. 50 mL/min/mmHgd. 5 mL/min/mmHg

Q: Which pulmonary function test in essence assesses the status of the alveolar-capillary membrane?a. DLCO b. PEFR c. MVVd. bronchial provocation test

Q: In COPD, what maneuver is often used by patients to offset dynamic compression ?a. pursed-lip breathing b. rapid breathing c. rapid shallow breathingd. cough

Q: Which of the following would you expect to be reduced during an acute asthma episode?a. PEFR b. RV c. heart rated. FRC

Q: What portion of an FVC maneuver is affected by the dynamic compression of the walls of the airways?a. last 70% b. first 70% c. last 30%d. first 30%

Q: What is the term for the point at which the intraluminal airway pressure is equivalent to the pleural pressure surrounding the airways?a. equal pressure point b. airway compression pressure c. maximum inspiratory pressured. dynamic pulmonary pressure point

Q: What portion of the FVC cannot be influenced by further muscular effort?a. last 70% b. first 70% c. first 30%d. last 30%

Q: What portion of the FVC maneuver is considered to be effort dependent?a. first 30% b. first 10% c. last 30%d. last 10%

Q: At what age do pulmonary volumes and expiratory flow rates start to decrease?a. 25 years b. 40 years c. 50 yearsd. 60 years

Q: Among adult individuals of the same gender, what is the most important factor that affects pulmonary function?a. height b. age c. weightd. race/ethnicity

Q: How does the general shape of a flow-volume loop in restrictive lung disease compare to a normal pattern?a. shorter and narrower b. taller and wider c. shorter and widerd. taller and narrower

Q: What shape would be associated with obstructive lung disease on the FEF50% of a flow volume loop?a. cup-like or scooped out effect b. straight line c. sawtoothd. long, extended outward curve

Q: Which maneuvers form a flow-volume loop?a. FVC and FIC b. SVC and SIC c. FVC and PEFRd. FEF and PIFR

Q: In addition to pulmonary function meaurements, what can most often help the physician in the differential diagnosis between obstructive and restrictive conditions?a. complete patient history b. chest x-ray c. exercise toleranced. ABG

Q: Which of the following causes a reduction in MVV?I. Obstructive disordersII. AgeIII. Restrictive disordersa. I and II only b. I, II and III c. I onlyd. III only

Q: For what minimum duration is the MVV usually performed?a. 6 seconds b. 12 seconds c. 20 secondsd. 1 minute

Q: Which pulmonary measurement is also called MBC?a. MVV b. PEFR c. SVCd. FVC

Q: Into which color zone would a PEFR of 65% of personal best be placed?a. yellowb. redc. greend. insufficent info provided to determine

Q: What device is most commonly used to monitor airway function at home?a. peak flow meter b. spirometer c. blood gas analyzerd. plethysmograph

Q: Which pulmonary measurement is most frequently used in the home setting?a. PEFR b. SVC c. MVVd. FEF 25-75%

Q: Which of the following can decrease the FEF 200-1200 ?I. Obstructive disordersII. Restrictive disordersIII. Agea. I, II, and III b. I and III only c. I onlyd. II and III only

Q: Which pulmonary measurement provides a reflection of the integrity of the large airway function?a. FEF 200-1200 b. FEF 25-75% c. FVCd. MVV

Q: What is the normal FEF25-75% for a healthy 20 year old male?a. 270 L/min b. 210 L/min c. 370 L/mind. 310 L/min

Q: Which pulmonary measurement reflects the status of the medium to small airways?a. FEF25-75% b. MVV c. FEF200-1200d. FVC

Q: In addition to bedside spirometry, what additional information can useful to help differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders and their severity and help formulate a therapeutic plan?I. HistoryII. Chest X-rayIII. ABGIV. Comprehensive pulmonary function studya. I, II, III, and IV b. I and IV only c. I , II, and IV onlyd. I and II only

Q: In GOLD (Global Initiative for COPD), which pulmonary measurements are used to assess the severity of COPD?a. FEV1 and FEV1/FVC b. FEV1 and TLC c. FVC and PEFRd. FEV1 and FEF200-1200

Q: In the Global Initiative for COPD, which category of COPD is considered severe COPD?a. Stage III b. Stage IV c. Stage IId. Stage I

Q: Which tests are used to differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders?a. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio b. FEV1, MVV, and TLC c. FEV1, FVC, FRCd. MVV, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio

Q: What is considered to be the minimum acceptable FEV1/FVC ratio for older adults?a. 65% b. 75% c. 83%d. 90%

Q: In a healthy adult, what percent of the total FVC should be exhaled in 2 seconds?a. 94% b. 97% c. 83%d. 75%

Q: In a healthy adult, what percent of the total FVC should be exhaled in 0.5 seconds?a. 60% b. 75% c. 83%d. 94%

Q: For the FEVT, what is the most frequently used time interval?a. 1 second b. 0.5 second c. 2 secondd. 3 second

Q: In which of the following disorders would the TET during an FVC likely be increased?I. AsthmaII. Cystic fibrosisIII. PneumoniaIV. Pulmonary fibrosisa. I and II only b. I, II, III, and IV c. III and IV onlyd. I, II and III only

Q: Which test is the most commonly performed pulmonary function measurement?a. FVC b. SVC c. MVVd. Flow-volume loop

Q: In a healthy adult, what is the average time required to exhale during a FVC maneuver?a. 4-6 seconds b. 1-3 seconds c. 7-9 secondsd. 10-12 seconds

Q: In which test would the patient be instructed to exhale as forcefully, rapidly, and completely as possible after taking in a maximal inspiration?a. FVC b. SVC c. MVVd. FIC

Q: Which test/method is considered most accurate for measuring RV?a. plethysmography b. open circuit nitrogen washout c. closed circuit helium dilutiond. X-ray

Q: What gas or gas mixture does a patient breathe when the body plethysmography method is used?a. room air b. 100% N2 c. 100% O2d. He-O2 mixture

Q: In the open circuit washout method, what gas mixture does the patient breathe for the test?a. 100% O2 b. 100% N2 c. room aird. He-O2 mixture

Q: In the closed circuit helium dilution method, approximately how long will the patient breathe a helium mixture?a. 7 minutes b. 1-2 deep breaths c. 12 secondsd. 15 minutes

Q: Which of the following is derived from closed circuit helium dilution method?a. RV b. VC c. ICd. ERV

Q: Which of the following are examples of restrictive lung disorders?I. Flail chestII. EmphysemaIII. Pleural effusionIV. Cystic fibrosisa. I and III only b. II and IV only c. I, II and IV onlyd. I, II, III, and IV

Q: What is the best indicator of an obstructive lung disorder?a. FEV1/FVC b. TLC c. FRCd. FEF200-1200

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