Q&A Hero

Q: Which lung volumes or capacities would decrease in a restrictive pulmonary disorder?I. ICII. VCIII. TLCIV. VTa. I, II, III, and IV b. I, II, and III only c. II, III, and IV onlyd. I and II only

Q: Which lung volumes or capacities would decrease in an obstructive pulmonary disorder?I. ICII. VCIII. IRVIV. ERVa. I, II, III, and IV only b. I, III, and IV only c. II, III, and IV onlyd. I and II only

Q: Which lung volumes or capacities would increase in an obstructive pulmonary disorder?I. VTII. VCIII. FRCIV. RVa. I, III, and IV only b. I, II, III, and IV c. II, III, and IV onlyd. III and IV only

Q: In a healthy young male, what would the sum of VC + RV equal in mL?a. 6000 mL b. 7200 mL c. 4800 mLd. 3600 mL

Q: In a healthy young male, what would the sum of IRV + ERV + VT equal in mLa. 4800 mL b. 3600 mL c. 6000 mLd. 2400 mL

Q: In a healthy 20 year old male, what would the FRC equal?a. 2.4 L or 2400 mL b. 1.2 L or 1200 mL c. 3.6 L or 3600 mLd. 4.8 L or 4800 mL

Q: Which lung volume or capacity is the maximum amount of air that the lungs can accomodate?a. TLC b. VC c. IRVd. FRC

Q: Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal expiration?a. IC b. VC c. TLCd. IRV

Q: Which one of the lung capacites is the smallest?a. FRC b. IC c. TLCd. VC

Q: Which lung volume or capacity remains in the lungs after a normal expiration?a. FRC b. ERV c. RVd. VC

Q: Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration?a. VC b. TLC c. IRVd. FRC

Q: What is the term for the lung volume or capacity moved in or out in one resting breath?a. VT b. RV c. VCd. ERV

Q: Which volume or capacity remains in the lungs after a forced exhalation?a. RV b. FRC c. ERVd. IC

Q: Which lung volume or capacity is defined as the amount of gas that can forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume?a. ERV b. IRV c. RVd. FRC

Q: In a healthy individual, which of the lung volumes is the largest?a. IRV b. ERV c. VTd. RV

Q: Which of the following can cause pulmonary surfactant deficiency?I. Pulmonary embolismII. Pulmonary edemaIII. AtelectasisIV. ARDSa. I, II, III, and IV b. II and IV only c. I , II, and III onlyd. II and III only

Q: IWhen the average alveolus is fully distended,, what is the approximate surface tension?a. 50 dynes/cm b. 50 cm H20 c. 5-15 dynes/cmd. 5-15 cm H20

Q: What is the primary surface tension lowering chemical in pulmonary surfactant?a. DPPC b. CPPD c. PCPd. BPD

Q: Which substance in the alveoli is responsible for lowering the surface tension?a. pulmonary surfactant b. mucus c. salined. plasma

Q: Who is credited with the following equation : P = (2ST)/r ?a. LaPlace b. Hooke c. Daltond. Boyle

Q: What is the term for the molecular cohesive force at a liquid-gas interface?a. surface tension b. compliance c. resistanced. elastance

Q: Which of the following are periods of no gas flow during negative pressure ventilation?I. InspirationII. End inspirationIII. ExpirationIV. End expirationa. II and IV only b. II only c. IV onlyd. I and III only

Q: Which law best explains the basic operation of the negative pressure ventilator?a. Boyle's b. Dalton's c. Charles'd. Hooke's

Q: When a tension pneumothorax occurs during positive pressure ventilation, how will the cardiac output and blood pressure affected?a. Both will decreaseb. Both will increasec. The cardiac output will increase but the BP will decreased. The BP will increase but the BP will decrease

Q: When a positive pressure breath is delivered from a mechanical ventilator, how would intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures be affected during inspiration?a. Both would increaseb. The intra-alveolar pressure would rise while the intrapleural pressure remains subatmosphericc. Both would decreased. Both would remain constant at their resting levels

Q: Which physical law explains elastance?a. Hooke's law b. Boyle's law c. Gay-Lussac's lawd. Charles' law

Q: What is the reciprocal of compliance?a. elastance b. resistance c. surface tensiond. viscosity

Q: Which of the following would shift the volume-pressure curve to the right?I. Acute asthma episodeII. PneumothoraxIII. Pleural effusionIV. Pulmonary edemaa. II, II, and IV only b. I, II, and IV only c. I. III and IV onlyd. Ii and IV only

Q: What effect do restrictive lung diseases have on lung compliance?a. Lung compliance decreasesb. Lung compliance increasesc. Lung compliance remains normald. Restrictive lung diseases do not affect lung compliance.

Q: How do obstructive lung diseases that cause air trapping affect lung compliance?a. Lung compliance is reducedb. Lung compliance is increasedc. Lung compliance remains normald. Lung compliance is unaffected by air trapping

Q: How does air trapping and hyperinflation of the lungs affect lung compliance?a. lung compliance is reducedb. lung compliance is increasedc. lung compliance is normald. lung compliance is unaffected by hyperinflation

Q: What would the lung compliance equal if a pressure change of 4 cm H20 resulted in a volume change of 600 mL?a. 0.15L/cm H20 b. 0.066 L/cm H20 c. 1.5 L/cm H20d. 0.24 L/cm H20

Q: What of the following is used to calculate lung compliance?a. D V/ D P b. D P/ D V c. P1V1=P2V2d. P=(2ST) / r

Q: Which clinical measurement is used to evaluate the elastic forces of the lungs?a. lung compliance b. airway resistance c. elastanced. surface tension

Q: In a flail chest, which pressure gradients are responsible for the inward movement on inspiration of the section of unattached ribs?I. TranspulmonaryII. TransmuralIII.TransthoracicIV.Transrespiratorya. I and III only b. II and IV only c. I and II onlyd. II and III only

Q: What is the term for the difference between the alveolar pressure and the body surface pressure?a. transthoracic pressure b. transmural pressure c. transrespiratory pressured. transpulmonary pressure

Q: What is the term for the difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure?a. transpulmonary pressure b. transmural pressure c. transrespiratory pressured. transthoracic pressure

Q: What is the term for the pressure difference that occurs across the airway wall ?a. Transmural pressure b. Transrespiratory pressure c. Transpulmonary pressured. Transthoracic pressure

Q: Which pressure is represented by Prs = PB- Palv ?a. transrespiratory pressure b. transmural pressure c. transthoracic pressured. transpulmonary pressure

Q: What is the general term for the force required to move gas or fluid through a tube or vessel?a. driving pressure b. transmural pressure c. transpulmonary pressured. transthoracic pressure

Q: What is the general term for the inward movement of tissue between the ribs during inspiration due to increased negative intrapleural pressure generated during respiratory distress?a. intercostal retractions b. pectus excavatum c. dyspnead. supraclavicular retractions

Q: At what point in the respiratory cycle is the equilibrium point reached?I. InspirationII. End-inspirationIII. ExpirationIV. End-expirationa. II and IV only b. II only c. IV onlyd. 1 and III only

Q: Which gas law states that at constant temperature, a volume of gas varies inversely proportional to its pressure?a. Boyle's b. Charles c. Gay-Lussac'sd. Henry's

Q: At what point in the ventilatory cycle would the intra-alveolar pressure be higher than the atmospheric pressure?a. expiration b. end-expiration c. inspirationd. pre-inspiration

Q: At sea level, what would the alveolar pressure at end-expiration equal?a. 760 mm Hg b. 764 mmHg c. 756 mm Hgd. 0 mm Hg

Q: What is the general term for a pressure difference between two points in a system?a. pressure gradient b. diffusion c. system pressure variationd. osmotic gradient

Q: At sea level under standard conditions, what would the PB equal in mm Hg ?a. 760 b. 1034 c. 14.7d. 29.9

Q: What is the term for the movement of gas from the external environment to the alveoli ?a. ventilation b. external respiration c. internal respirationd. osmosis

Q: What instrument is used to measure Patm ?a. barometer b. hygrometer c. altimeterd. dynameter

Q: What is the only absolute way of confirming hyperventilation?a. monitor the PaCO2 b. assess the respiratory rate c. assess the tidal volumed. ask the patient

Q: Which abnormal breathing pattern is most commonly associated with ketoacidosis?a. Kussmaul's b. Biot's c. Cheyne Stokesd. Hypopnea

Q: In which breathing pattern is an individual only able to breathe comfortably in the upright position?a. orthopnea b. tachypnea c. eupnead. hyperpnea

Q: What is the term for the breathing pattern in which the depth of breathing increases?a. hyperpnea b. tachypnea c. hyperventilationd. Kussmaul's

Q: What is the term for a rapid respiratory rate?a. tachypnea b. hyperpnea c. hyperventilationd. eupnea

Q: What is the term for the breathing condition in which short episodes of rapid, uniform deep breaths are followed by 10-30 seconds of apnea?a. Biot's b. Cheyne-Stokes c. Kussmaul'sd. Levy's

Q: Which ventilatory pattern is defined as the complete absence of spontaneous breathing?a. apnea b. apneusis c. eupnead. dyspnea

Q: How does the breathing pattern change when a patient with COPD develops a secondary restrictive lung condition such as pneumonia?a. respiratory rate increasesb. respiratory rate decreases and tidal volume increasec. respiratory rate and tidal volume decrease.d. no breathing pattern changes would occur.

Q: How does the normal adult's respiratory pattern change when lung compliance decreases?a. respiratory rate increases and tidal volume decreasesb. respiratory rate decreases and tidal volume increasec. respiratory rate and tidal volume increased. respiratory rate and tidal volume decrease.

Q: What is the term for alteration of the ventilatory pattern to minimize dead space ventilation?a. ventilatory efficiency b. metabolic efficiency c. hyperventilationd. Hyperefficiency

Q: In a healthy adult at rest, what portion of the total energy output is required for the work of breathing?a. 5% b. 15 % c. 25%d. 35%

Q: In the upright lung, how does compliance vary across the lung?a. The compliance in the apices is lower than in the basesb. The compliance in the bases is lower than in the apicesc. The compliance is uniform in all regions of the lungd. The compliance is higher at the hilum than in the apices or bases.

Q: In the upright position, which portion of the lungs has the most negative pleural pressure?a. apexb. basec. hilumd. intrapleural pressure is uniform throughout all lung areas

Q: What would the minute alveolar ventilation equal if a 6 ft tall, 170 lb male has a VT of 550 mL and a respiratory rate of 11 breaths/min?a. (550-170) x 11 = 4.18 L b. (550 + 170) x 11 = 7.9 L c. 550 + (170 x 11) = 1.87 Ld. 550 - (170/2.2) x 11= 4.65 L

Q: Which of the following can cause pulmonary emboli?I. Prolonged inactivityII. Pregnancy and childbirthIII. ObesityIV. Hypercoagulation disordersa. I, II, III, and IV b. I and IV only c. I, III, and IV onlyd. I, II, and III only

Q: How would the addition of a length of tubing between a ventilator and the endotracheal tube affect on dead space?a. It would increase the deadspaceb. It would decrease the deadspacec. It would have no effect on deadspaced. It would have no effect on deadspace but would increase the tidal volume

Q: What does the sum of anatomic deadspace and alveolar deadspace equal?a. physiologic deadspace b. minute ventilation c. alveolar ventilaiond. total gas exchange

Q: What is the term for alveolar ventilation without pulmonary capillary perfusion?a. alveolar deadspace b. anatomic deadspace c. physiologic deadspaced. minute alveolar ventilation

Q: What does frequency multiplied by (VT-VD) equal?a. minute alveolar ventilation b. minute ventilation c. physiologic deadspace ventilationd. alveolar deadspace

Q: What is the approximate volume of anatomic deadspace?a. 1 mL/lb of ideal body weight b. 2.2 mL/lb of ideal body weight c. 2.2 mL/kg actual body weightd. 1 mL/kg of ideal body weight

Q: What are the boundaries of anatomic dead space?a. nose and mouth through the terminal bronchiolesb. nose and mouth to the alveolar sacsc. nose and mouth to the segmental bronchid. nose and moth to the bronchioles

Q: A 5 ft tall female who weighs 300 lb requires mechanical ventilation. If the prescribed tidal volume for this patient's condition is 6 mL/kg IBW, where should the set tidal volume be set?a. approximately 290 mL b. approximately 380 mL c. approximately 520 mLd. approximately 820 mL

Q: What is the average respiratory rate for a healthy toddler at rest?a. 25 - 40 breaths/min b. 15-24 breaths/min c. 30-60 breaths/mind. 12-20 breaths/min

Q: With the end expiratory pause is factored in, what is the normal I:E ratio for an adult at rest?a. 1 : 2 b. 1 : 3 c. 1 : 1d. 1 : 2.5

Q: What is the average respiratory rate for an adult at rest?a. 12-18 breaths/min b. 5-12 breaths/min c. 14-24 breath/mind. 19-26 breaths/min

Q: What is the term for the volume of gas that is typically measured during exhalation of one quiet breath?a. tidal volume b. expiration c. minute volumed. expiratory reserve volume

Q: When rapid ventilatory rates occur, what is the term for the condition in which positive pressure remains in the alveoli during exhalation due to the insufficient expiratory time?a. auto-PEEP b. WOB c. pendulluftd. frequency dependence

Q: What changes in breathing patterns do patients with obstructive pulmonary disorders with increased Raw and increased time constants typically adopt?a. They decrease their respiratory rate and increase their tidal volumeb. The decrease their respiratory rate and tidal volumec. They increase their respiratory rate and tidal volumed. They increase their respiratory rate and decrease their tidal volume

Q: In the presence of restrictive lung disorders, how do patients typically offset the decreased time constants?a. They adopt an increased respiratory rateb. They adopt a decreased respiratory ratec. They adopt a decreased respiratory rate and add a breath holdd. They adopt a decreased respiratory rate with an increased tidal volume

Q: What term is defined as "the change in volume of the lungs divided by the change in transpulmonary pressure during the time required for one breath"?a. dynamic compliance b. static compliance c. airway resistanced. time constant

Q: What effect will increased Raw and increasedCL have on the time constants in the affected lung regions?a. Both factors require more time for the affected region to inflate.b. Both factors require less time for the affected lung region to inflatec. Time constants are unaffected by Raw but will require less time to inflate due to the increased CL.d. Time constants are unaffected by CL. but will require more time to inflate in the affected region due to the increased Raw