Q&A Hero

Q: The Baldrige Award criteria a. Are similar to the Joint Commission criteria. b. Must be met to qualify for Medicare funding. c. Are based on categories of management disciplines. d. Are applicable only to nonprofit entities.

Q: Which group sponsors the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)? a. National Commission for Quality Assurance b. The Joint Commission c. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services d. National Institutes of Health

Q: Which type of organization is not accredited by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)? a. Managed behavioral health care organization b. Health maintenance organization c. Ambulatory health care organization d. Accountable care organization

Q: Which of the following is not one of the core measure areas for the Joint Commission? a. Acute myocardial infarction b. Heart failure c. Community-acquired pneumonia d. Palliative care

Q: Which key dimension of health care quality refers to ensuring the services provided are based on scientific knowledge? a. Effectiveness b. Safety c. Patient-centered d. Efficiency

Q: When designing a case-control study, you must always match cases with controls on age, sex, and race.

Q: Outcomes research focuses on measures of mortality.

Q: Life-table analysis is most appropriate for prospective or experimental studies.

Q: The odds ratio is an estimate of a confidence interval.

Q: The three major types of epidemiologic research study designs are (1) descriptive studies, (2) analytical studies, and (3) experimental studies.

Q: Sensitivity is the percentage of all true cases correctly identified.

Q: Reliability assesses relevance, completeness, accuracy, and correctness.

Q: The significance section of the research proposal conveys why the research is needed or important, and it is stated succinctly and clearly.

Q: Specific aims should include a step-by-step process of what is done in the research study and why this process is necessary to test the hypothesis properly.

Q: The bibliography within a research article may contain many more articles and books than are cited in the article itself.

Q: "Peer reviewed" means that peers within the specific research area have not reviewed the research article before publication.

Q: In a causal relationship, the cause is the independent variable, and the effect is the dependent variable.

Q: The hypothesis is an opinion or value judgment.

Q: Healthy People 2020 is an action agenda for the twenty-first century and includes priorities and research needs relevant to health information management.

Q: Research enables individuals to learn something new and valuable about their professions.

Q: Epidemiology is the study of disease and the determinants of disease in individual cases.

Q: The independent variable is the disease under study, and the dependent variable is the risk factor or characteristic under study.

Q: When conducting a case-control or retrospective study, a researcher should match cases on variables known to be associated with the disease or the exposure under study.

Q: A case-control study should find controls similar to the characteristics of the cases (such as age and sex), but without the disease, and obtain histories on them.

Q: A major advantage of a prospective study is that its results can be measured after a very short time.

Q: Incidence can be affected by an increase in the risk factor and changes in preventive measures.

Q: Validity and reliability are really measuring the same thing.

Q: In a cohort study, two groups free of disease are followed forward in time.

Q: Prospective studies are most useful for investigating diseases of high incidence.

Q: Referring to the data in the table, what was the incidence rate of cancer?

Q: Variable that could be the cause of the disease (alcohol use) Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Characteristics that could cause the disease Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Past records used to collect data, then followed over time Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Tend to ask questions differently or probe more Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Poor memory when interviewed Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Age, sex, race Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Individual without the disease under study Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Individual with the disease under study Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Ovarian cancer Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Research and human rights committee Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Question to be answered Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable c. Institutional review board d. Risk factors e. Specificity f. Confounding variables g. Case h. Control i. Research question j. Historical-prospective study k. Recall bias l. Interviewer bias

Q: Morbidity, mortality, satisfaction, pain Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Used when researcher has loss of subjects Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Intervention tested on selected subjects in a clinical setting Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Cohort study Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Retrospective study Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Incidence rate of exposed/incidence rate of unexposed Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Estimate of relative risk Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measure

Q: Disease is examined to determine possible causes. Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Concurrently describes characteristics at one point in time Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Study used to generate hypotheses Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Cross-sectional study b. Descriptive study c. Analytic study d. Case-control study e. Odds ratio f. Relative risk g. Prospective study h. Clinical trial i. Life-table analysis j. Outcome measures

Q: Determines what research has been previously conducted Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Step-by-step of what will be done in the research study Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Goals or objectives within a research proposal Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Reproducibility Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Accuracy Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: New cases Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Existing cases Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Error Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Assertion to be proved Match the term with the correct descriptor. a. Hypothesis b. Methodology c. Specific aims d. Literature review e. Validity f. Reliability g. Bias h. Prevalence i. Incidence

Q: Person time/person years Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Interviewer bias Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Specificity Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Recall bias Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Interobserver reliability Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Validity Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Cohort Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Historical cohort Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Selection bias Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: Relative risk Match the descriptor with the correct term. a. Faulty memory b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the person has the disease d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic Ire/IRo e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study h. Percent of all true non-cases correctly identified i. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer j. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade

Q: The odds ratio is an estimate of the relative risk an individual has if he or she is exposed to a certain characteristic/risk factor. It is determined as part of which study design? a. Prevalence or cross-sectional study b. Case-control study c. Prospective/incidence study d. Clinical trial

Q: In a case-control study, why are the cases and controls often matched on variables such as age and sex? a. So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease and health characteristic under study b. So that cases and controls are similar for all aspects of the study c. So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease under study only d. So that cases and controls are similar except for the health characteristic only

Q: Which study concurrently describes characteristics and health outcomes at one specific point or period in time? a. Case-control study b. Prospective study c. Prevalence or cross-sectional study d. Clinical trial

Q: What should be included in the significance section of a research proposal? a. Goals or objectives b. Importance of the research project c. Step-by-step account of what will be done in the study d. Data collection instrument

Q: What is a tentative assertion called that is assumed by the researcher but not positively known until it is tested? a. Specific aims b. Hypothesis c. Methodology d. Significance

Q: Results of a clinical trial show that 55 patients who received laser surgery for nearsightedness had severe nausea and vomiting after the procedure. The same local anesthetic was administered to all 55 patients. What information do you need to determine whether the anesthetic led to the nausea and vomiting these laser surgery patients had after their procedure? a. The denominator b. The numerator c. The ratio d. The proportion

Q: The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group is the formula to determine the a. Relative risk. b. Odds ratio. c. Incidence. d. Prevalence.

Q: The average length of stay for a patient who was admitted and died on the same day is 1 day.

Q: The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation and is represented by the symbol S.