Q&A Hero

Q: Where do most Americans think news bias comes from? A. consumer demand B. the biases of journalists within news organizations C. the sources consulted by reporters D. owners

Q: What is demand-side media bias? What is supply-side media bias?

Q: What are the four information biases that actually matter? A. fragmentation, personalization, dramatization, and ideological bias B. the authority-disorder bias, informational, personalization, and dramatization bias C. dramatization, fragmentation, personalization, and the authority-disorder bias D. none of these

Q: What are some common forms of negative political news content?

Q: Which of the following is largely to blame for negativity in campaign news coverage? A. the norms and routines of journalism B. the economics of news C. the campaigns behaviors and tactics D. the preferences of audiences E. all of these

Q: Describe negative consequences that may come from game frame campaign coverage.

Q: Of the three broad categories of media bias described in the textbook, which two are the most systematic and pervasive, according to research? A. affective and informational biases B. partisan and ideological biases C. partisan and affective biases D. ideological and informational biases E. ideological and affective biases

Q: What is the relationship between candidate behavior and negativity in campaign news coverage?

Q: How is learning from print media different from audiovisual media?

Q: What are three major ways that media influence high profile elections?

Q: What is political socialization?

Q: Briefly, compare and contrast political media bias with structural media bias.

Q: Do media stories really shape the thinking and behavior patterns of countless Americans? Are peoples values and attitudes about social and political issues influenced substantially by what they read, hear, and see? Do desirable and undesirable behaviors in television fiction and news programs produce imitations in real life? How much do people learn from the media, and what, precisely, do they learn?

Q: What is horserace or game frame coverage? Why do some people complain about it?

Q: Are mass media effects on attitudes and behaviors minimal or substantial? Explain.

Q: Explain the financial advantages of horserace coverage for news organizations.

Q: Compare and contrast the societal ills of partisan selective exposure versus general news avoidance. Which is the bigger problem? Why?

Q: Explain the relationship between polling coverage and polling performance.

Q: What kinds of newspaper and television coverage have recent elections received? Do the media sufficiently cover the issues likely to require newly elected leaders attention? Did they supply adequate criteria to enable voters to decide which policy options would best suit their priorities and which candidate would be most likely to govern successfully?

Q: What are the various reasons we see so much negativity in campaigns and in campaign related news? What are the reasons so much campaign negativity might be problematic? What are the reasons it might be beneficial?

Q: ______ is the Supreme Court decision widely discussed as having major implications for campaign financing. A. Citizens United v. FEC B. McCain Feingold v. FEC C. FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. D. none of these

Q: ______s candidacy was severely harmed by media coverage. A. Joe Biden (1988) B. Gary Hart (1988) C. Bill Clinton (1992) D. all of these

Q: What is the main reason for uniformity in election coverage? A. the professional socialization of journalists B. uniformity in campaign behavior C. uniformity across candidates, events, and issues D. all of these

Q: Coverage focused on ______ makes up the bulk of campaign news coverage. A. policy issues B. the horse race C. candidate professional qualifications D. candidate personal traits

Q: What are the three main categories of uses and gratifications?

Q: When researchers looked at exposure to cross-ideology content on social media, they found which of the following? A. Social networks are somewhat diverse. B. Social networks are completely homogeneous (similar). C. People are hardly ever exposed to cross-ideology content. D. People are exposed to cross-ideology content, but not as often as like-minded content. E. A and D only

Q: What do cognitive balance theories tell us about news avoidance?

Q: Which of the following is an interesting little-known fact about candidate strategies in 2016? A. Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton invested heavily in social media. B. Donald Trump posted on social media more than Hillary Clinton. C. Hillary Clinton spent more on television ads than Donald Trump. D. Hillary Clinton posted on social media more than Donald Trump. E. All of these

Q: What is partisan selective exposure?

Q: Which of the following aspects of campaigning are relatively new and arrived as digital media technologies became more prevalent? A. microtargeting B. analytics C. personalization D. all of these E. none of these

Q: Describe the agenda-setting process.

Q: There is empirical evidence for a reciprocal relationship between negative political advertising and negative campaign news coverage.

Q: Name some common deterrents to political learning.

Q: News media use the horse race frame a lot in campaign coverage because it sells.

Q: What are some of the hazards of coverage containing some of the common biases in foreign news? Specifically, what are the implications of good frames for friends, bad frames for foes, emphasis on conflict, and uncritical flashlight coverage?

Q: Discuss the indexing hypothesis. What is indexing? How does it emerge? What are the implications of indexing for the information news consumers receive? How might journalists move beyond indexed coverage?

Q: When we say the media engages in political socialization, what do we mean? A. News presents facts, but also presents general values and behavior models. B. Information from the media is often the basis of attitudes and opinions. C. Media convey basic values and orientations that prepare individuals to fit into their cultural environment. D. All of these

Q: Agenda setting in the media can be described as which of the following? A. Media change our minds about issues with persuasive commentary. B. Media change the criteria we use to evaluate political issues. C. Those issues that get the most coverage are ranked as most important. D. All of these

Q: Citizen journalists and bloggers are in a position to pick up some of the international reporting slack; the problem is that most are unlikely to reach mass audiences.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the strengths of television news? A. Television is most readily comprehensible for people with limited education. B. It reduces information inequalities. C. It provides factual details. D. It is powerful in transmitting realistic and emotional stories.

Q: Cultural and political factors rarely influence reporting; well-trained professional reporters from anywhere tell largely the same stories.

Q: Learning from social media is certainly possible, but largely dependent on ______ which of the following? A. user behaviors B. social network composition C. social network preferences D. whether you choose Twitter or Facebook E. A, B, and C only

Q: Threats to foreign reporters around the world is on the rise, making global understanding of events around the world more difficult.

Q: When researchers studied the effects of mobile news consumption, which of the following did they find? A. People learn more from news on mobile devices. B. People pay attention to more news on mobile devices. C. Mobile news requires more cognitive processing. D. Mobile news reduces attention to news and information recall. E. C and D only

Q: Because terrorist events are sensational, they tend to receive a lot of coverage from U.S. outlets, no matter where they occur.

Q: Uses and gratifications tries to explain which of the following? A. why people consume or ignore media messages B. partisan persuasion from news C. media bias D. low levels of political knowledge E. all of the above

Q: International relations tend to color U.S. reporting of other placesfriends and allies get good framing while enemies and antagonists get negative framing.

Q: Schemas and scripts are ______. A. perceiver determined B. stimulus determined C. organizing devices that help people to assimilate information D. all of these E. none of these

Q: What are some of the characteristics foreign news stories must have in order to make the news?

Q: What is media agenda setting? How does it work?

Q: Name some of the pressures that shape foreign affairs news.

Q: What does the uses and gratifications approach tell us about individuals news use?

Q: How do cultural pressures shape foreign affairs news?

Q: How do political pressures shape foreign affairs news?

Q: How do economic pressures shape foreign affairs news?

Q: What is the CNN effect?

Q: What makes reporting on foreign affairs and/or war different from reporting on domestic affairs? How are the sources different? How does the foreign affairs reporting we see look different than reporting on domestic issues? What are the implications for our current situation in Iraq or for democracy more generally?

Q: Heavy local news emphasis on crime has the negative consequence of making audiences overestimate their likelihood of being a victim of crime.

Q: The economics of news have little to do with the volume of foreign affairs news from major U.S. outlets.

Q: What are some of the implications from the changing media gridthe movement away from media market and political boundary overlap?

Q: Though many claim Americans are not interested in foreign affairs, some metrics reflect a more substantial audience for news on international affairs than these arguments suggest.

Q: What are the six media styles commonly found among subnational political figures?

Q: Pressure for sensational coverage is even greater when covering foreign affairs.

Q: What are some of the reasons metropolitan journalists cover the inner city while neglecting the surrounding areas?

Q: Though international news bureaus are on the decline generally, a few major outlets remain committed to keeping their international bureaus and the provision of coverage based on facts on the ground.

Q: Why does local news lend itself to tabloidization even more than other news?

Q: Why is crime news so prevalent?

Q: What is the CSI effect?

Q: What are the various reasons state news receives the least amount of attention from journalists and news organizations? Discuss both the news media factors and government institutional factors at play. What are the implications?

Q: What are the court-related factors that make covering the Supreme Court difficult for journalists? How do the constraints of journalism compound these difficulties?

Q: If all politics is local, how does local coverage of local candidates measure up? What are the implications for local governance and an informed citizenry?

Q: What is the main topic covered by local television news? A. health care and education B. local politics *C. crimes and accidents D. national politics

Q: Which type of news organization would be most likely to cover foreign affairs news? A. blogs B. talk radio C. cable news D. social media

Q: Local news coverage of elections is mostly about ______. A. candidate traits and experience B. candidate policy positions *C. who is winning or losing the horse race D. what voter groups are likely to support which candidates and why E. all of these

Q: Indexing refers to which of the following? A. the fact that that the media generally emphasize the governments positions until many respected sources voice strong dissent B. foreign affairs correspondents use of index cards to keep their notes in the field C. journalists use of call lists for their elite government sources D. none of these

Q: Local newspapers are dying out across the country; this trend was especially pronounced between 2000 and 2014.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the pressures that shape foreign affairs news? A. cultural pressures B. political pressures C. media diplomacy D. economic pressures E. All of these are pressures that shape foreign affairs news.

Q: Local reporters typically have less education and experience than their national counterparts.

Q: The __________ is the belief that media coverage of foreign affairs has at times prompted political action by the government. Red Cross effect Media Intervention effect CNN effect Amnesty International Media effect None of these

Q: Local reporters have less adversarial relationships with local public officials than national correspondents have with officials in national government.