Q&A Hero

Q: The focus of disaster planning in electronic health care information should be on which of the following? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Ensuring that all patient care information is available in hardcopy 2. Safeguarding business continuity by protection of health care data 3. Supporting patient care by providing continual access to patient information 4. Recovery and restoration of health care data and information 5. Stopping all patient care until the disaster is over

Q: In 2001, the Joint Commission introduced new emergency management standards for hospitals, long-term care facilities, and behavioral health and ambulatory care that focus on the concept of community involvement in the management process. What event was recently added by the Joint Commission to the list of events that organizations must consider in their plans? 1. Disaster preparedness 2. Bioterrorism 3. Information security 4. Recovery planning

Q: Which of the following occurrences may not qualify as a disaster? 1. A virus infects a walk-in clinic's electronic medical record (EMR) system and randomly deletes data on Friday afternoon. The IT staff is on vacation. 2. The rheumatology department of a multi-specialty clinic is without analog telephone access for two hours (computer network connections remain intact). 3. The health department is wiped out after a fire. 4. A hospital is without electrical power for 48 hours due to a hurricane and flooding.

Q: A continuity plan is a critical aspect of an organization's risk management strategy and is instrumental to its survival in the aftermath of a disaster. Tolerance for IT downtime is rapidly declining; a recent survey set the figure at how many hours or less? 1. 5 hours 2. 10 hours 3. 18 hours 4. 24 hours

Q: Which of the following statements are accurate about emergency and backup plans? 1. An emergency plan outlines steps to ensure the availability of resources for ongoing business and information system processing operations whereas a backup plan provides direction during and immediately after an incident. 2. An emergency plan is tested routinely whereas a backup plan is only used if the emergency plan fails. 3. Emergency and backup plans are the same. 4. A backup plan outlines steps to ensure the availability of resources for ongoing business and information system processing operations whereas an emergency plan provides direction during and immediately after an incident.

Q: In continuity planning, which of the following is a component of the business impact assessment (BIA)? 1. Secure top management support 2. Establish continuity maintenance policies and procedures 3. Assess continuity plan for weaknesses 4. Determine critical functions of the organization

Q: The two primary sources of data loss are ____ ____ and mechanical failure. Standard Text:

Q: The 24-hour-a-day, 7-days-a-week operations of health care providers make continuity of services essential. What is the first line of defense in providing the continuous systems availability that is required in a health care setting? 1. Adequate firewall protection 2. Software redundancy 3. Installing anti-virus software 4. Hardware redundancy

Q: What is metadata? 1. Data stored off site in a cold storage facility 2. A set of data that provides information about how, when, and by whom data are collected, formatted, and stored 3. A backup copy of all data within an organization 4. A set of data that is transferred electronically over high-speed telephone lines to another site and set to expire at the correct time

Q: The HIPAA security rule requires continuity planning and disaster recovery processes for protected health information. Which of the following activities are required in order to safeguard protected patient information? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Lowering security requirements during a disaster 2. Development of disaster recovery processes 3. Establishment of a continuity plan 4. Creation, access, storage, and destruction of manual records 5. Give access codes and usernames to emergency personnel

Q: The Joint Commission suggests that organizations conduct at least how many emergency drill(s) per year? 1. One 2. Two 3. Three 4. Four

Q: A good continuity plan can anticipate problems and minimize losses incurred by damage. Which of the following are advantages associated with continuity planning? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Strategies for correction of organization vulnerabilities 2. Allowing time for restoration of equipment, facility, and services 3. Means to capture information needed for regulatory and accrediting bodies 4. Providing continuity of client records and delivery of care 5. Complete protection against interruption in services

Q: Many health care agencies lack the infrastructure to accommodate and support information systems (IS) during an environmental disaster. Which of the following can threaten IS during an environmental disaster? 1. A 10-day supply of fuel to power generators 2. Presence of excessive heat 3. Underground power lines 4. Housing IS in areas above the first floor

Q: Lost or damaged data have a negative impact on business processes, impede the delivery of safe care, reduce productivity, and undermine public confidence. It is estimated that somewhere between what percentage of organizations that have incurred a significant downtime with data loss will go out of business within five years? 1. 40 to 90% 2. 20 to 70% 3. 10 to 50% 4. 30 to 80%

Q: Which of the following statements accurately states the impact that accreditation agencies have on automated documentation in health care organizations? 1. The goal of information systems is to remain in compliance with accrediting bodies. 2. Standards mandate the use of information systems in all settings. 3. Quality and standards are synonymous. 4. Accrediting bodies offer assistance in choosing system functionality.

Q: The second step in continuity planning is the development of the plan itself. This step determines the probabilities of all types of disasters, their impact on critical functions, and which of the following other concerns? 1. Business impact analysis 2. Systematic evaluation 3. Factors necessary to restore services 4. Policies, procedures and vendor contracts

Q: The Magnet Recognition Program has teamed with another organization calling for a need for transformational leadership that will change the way health care organizations function in the future. The organization that has partnered with Magnet Recognition Program is which of the following? 1. American Nurses Associations National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) 2. TIGER Initiative 3. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) 4. The Joint Commission

Q: Health care agencies incorporate a continuity plan to ensure business continuity and successful recovery after a disaster. Which of the following is the most effective way to emphasize the importance of disaster preparedness? 1. Conduct staff reviews of continuity and recovery plans 2. Test the emergency staff notification system 3. Incorporate mock disaster situations into staff training 4. Display continuity plans in conspicuous places

Q: Medicare is an age or disability based benefit. How is Medicare funded? 1. Through tax dollars 2. Through the state lotteries 3. Through federal earmarks 4. From personal savings

Q: Which of the following statements about Medicare Part A are correct? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Medicare Part A has an annual deductible. 2. Medicare Part A covers immunizations. 3. Medicare Part A covers facility related expenses. 4. Medicare Part A covers medical supplies. 5. Medicare Part A is also called the Advantage Plan.

Q: Mrs. Owens has come to the clinic to see the nurse practitioner about her persistent cough. Recently, she was laid off from her job at the retail store and lost all benefits. She has had a fever and chills for several days. As the nurse begins the assessment, Mrs. Owens begins to cry and says: "I have no money to pay for medicine or this visit. Please do not order an antibiotic, because I cannot pay for it." The nurse's best response would be which of the following? 1. "I understand your concerns, Mrs. Owens. I have free medicine from donors to give you." 2. "I understand your concerns Mrs. Owens. It looks like you will qualify for Medicaid benefits." 3. "Don't worry Mrs. Owens, I won't prescribe an antibiotic." 4. "Mrs. Owens, perhaps you can be seen in the emergency department. They can give you free antibiotics."

Q: Electronic data interchange (EDI) has been instrumental in facilitating the health care process. Which of the following responses best describes the impact of the EDI? 1. EDI has the potential to eliminate second opinions. 2. EDI interacts with multiple databases. 3. EDI supplies proof of recovery. 4. EDI facilitates the approval of patient claims.

Q: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) mandated all providers, insurers and any middlemen involved in the health care industry submission of claims for reimbursement or registering of care, the verifying of eligibility, the precertification of services, or any other client- related information to adhere to a uniform format by October 2002. This action forced all providers to install_______________________ transmission programs in their billing and medical record systems. Standard Text:

Q: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an effort to help phase out paper claims except under extensive appeal circumstances. The result of this initiative is which of the following? 1. Health care providers were forced to install EDI transmission programs in their billing and medical record systems. 2. A large savings on paper supplies 3. An increased need for assistive software 4. A decrease in the denial of claims

Q: Which of the following responses is not a benefit of Pay for Performance (P4P) legislation? 1. The system rewards health care providers upon good service to consumers. 2. The system rewards physicians and other health care professionals when patients receive good results from that care. 3. Reimbursement is related to quality and efficiency of care provided. 4. Patients will play a more active role in the determination of performance-based payment.

Q: Pay for Performance (P4P) otherwise known as value-based purchasing (VBP) system has been developed through ObamaCare. Which of the following are considered goals of this initiative? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Financial viability 2. Payment initiatives 3. Effectiveness 4. Ensuring access 5. Smooth transitions

Q: The impact of the mandated technology use has created change throughout the health care community. How has the Affordable Health Care Act affected nursing? 1. Nursing professionals will spend more time at the computer and less time at the bedside. 2. There will be surge in applications for certified nursing assistant positions. 3. There will be a decreased need for point-of-care nurses. 4. There will be an increased need for nurse informatics specialists.

Q: On October 1, 2013, the federal government will implement the mandatory transition to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). Of the following responses, which is the most reasonable rationale for the upgrade? 1. The ICD-10 is an easier method of coding to use in a complicated health care delivery system. 2. The ICD-10 transition is to better manage the quality of health care data through more precise and accurate diagnostic coding. 3. The ICD-10 initiative is to ensure improved patient outcomes. 4. The ICD-10 has been designed to improve the collection of data at the point of care.

Q: The role of the informatics nurse is important to the success of the implementation of the EHR. Which of the following statements is true about the expanded role of the informatics nurse? 1. The informatics nurse has the responsibility of maintaining the compliance procedures of the health care setting. 2. The informatics nurse has the responsibility of analyzing the coding system. 3. The informatics nurse has the responsibility to serve as the liaison between physician and patient and physician and agency. 4. The informatics nurse has the responsibility of creating meaningful use policies.

Q: Which of the following organizations cannot perform accreditation and establish standards for health care delivery in the United States? 1. The Joint Commission 2. Commission for Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF) 3. Nursing Administrative Quarterly (NAQ) 4. The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)

Q: As technology is implemented in health care systems, the role of the nurse who has informatics experience and education will be placed in leadership roles to do which of the following? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Guide IT technicians 2. Work closely with physicians 3. Spearhead policy reform 4. Develop evidence based practice models 5. Participate in research initiatives

Q: _____________determines whether providers receive funding. It also serves to enhance provider image, instills confidence in the quality of services rendered, and attracts qualified professionals. This process has direct implications for how documentation and information systems are structured. Standard Text:

Q: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of March 2010 (PPACA) Section 1561 will, when fully activated by 2014, extend affordable health care to an estimated 32 million more people. Which of the following is not a financial impact of the Act? 1. A need for increased supplies 2. The need to hire more staff 3. The need to monitor patient outcomes 4. The need to hire additional health information technology (HIT) coordinators

Q: The typical participants involved in the preparations for accreditation and for the accreditation process itself are which of the following? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Medical records personnel 2. Privacy and security officers 3. Quality assurance staff 4. Clinicians 5. Compliance officers

Q: President Obama signed into law on March 23, 2010, The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Pub.L.111-152, 124Stat.1029), which amended the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC) and further strengthened the federal grip on health care regulation in the United States. Which of the following statements best reflects the intentions of the act? 1. The health care of children under the age of 15 will be covered by local government funds. 2. Veterans from the Iraq War will have all health insurance benefits excluding dental. 3. The act guarantees health insurance for every citizen. 4. The act moves regulation of federal health insurance to the state levels.

Q: Which of the following best describes the role of the Joint Commission and information system design? 1. The Joint Commission standards and goals shape organization practice and documentation, thereby affecting information system documentation design. 2. The Joint Commission penalizes organizations when information standards are substandard. 3. The Joint Commission designs the information systems. 4. The Joint Commission expects all entities comply with the standards of information technology.

Q: The ratification of the Title XVIII and Title XIX Acts in 1965 led to which of the following? 1. The GI Bill 2. State informatics and licensing agencies 3. Medicare and Medicaid 4. Welfare benefits

Q: The Joint Commission standards and goals shape organization practice and documentation, thereby affecting information system documentation design. The Joint Commission assesses organizations for compliance with set standards. Which of the following statements are considered standards? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Measures to protect information confidentiality, security, and integrity 2. Uniform definitions and methods for data capture as a means to facilitate data comparison within and among health care institutions 3. Education on the principles of information management and training for system use. This may include education about the transformation of data into information for subsequent use in decision support and statistical analysis. 4. Accurate, timely transmission of information 5. Integration of clinical systems (i.e., pharmacy, nursing, laboratory, and radiology systems) and nonclinical systems for ready availability of information

Q: Which of the following organizations is the umbrella under which all regulatory agencies eventually fall because the health and welfare of the citizens of the nation are ultimately deemed to be federal responsibility? 1. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) 3. Health and Human Services (HHS) 4. The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP)

Q: The system called Pay for Performance (P4P) is also known as which of the following? 1. Value-based purchasing (VBP) 2. Diagnostic related groups 3. Children's Health Initiative Program 4. Medicaid

Q: The importance of billing codes and reimbursement for services cannot be overstated. Which of the following responses are true regarding accurate code input and claims processing? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. CPT codes were grouped into services by the first digit followed by four more digits that further described the procedure. 2. The number 9 is reserved for visits related to evaluation and management procedures. 3. The CPT code 99211 is an office visit and used for injections. 4. Two digit modifiers are used to further distinguish services and procedures altering the billing process. 5. Inaccurate code input will delay claims processing.

Q: The __________________________ was developed by Medicare in an effort to control quality and cost and minimize preventable complications. Standard Text:

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the do-not-pay list? 1. If a patient develops a complication, Medicare will reimburse for all services. 2. If a patient develops complications, Medicaid will reimburse for all services. 3. If a patient has certain complications during the hospital stay, Medicare will not reimburse the hospital at the higher rate for the treatment. 4. If a patient develops a preventable complication, Medicare will demand the immediate transfer of the patient to a different health care setting.

Q: Which act makes several significant changes to the current HIPAA Security and Privacy Rules and provides funds and incentives to increase the use of electronic health records (EHRs) by physicians and hospitals who meet eligibility criteria? 1. Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) 2. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 3. Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) 4. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Q: What is the rationale the AMA is using to oppose the do-not-pay list? 1. Physicians assert each patient's circumstances are unique and complications cannot always be prevented or explained. 2. The physicians assert this reimbursement ruling is unjust. 3. The physicians assert the do-not-pay list is punitive to health care providers. 4. The physicians assert do-not-pay list minimizes complications.

Q: The _________________________________________ oversees information- technology standards, implementation strategies, and impact assessment. Standard Text:

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the projected results of the increase in federal and state mandated health care cost reform legislation? 1. The increase in governmental regulations provides for a higher quality of care. 2. Governmental oversight is something that has been lacking in health care over the past several years. 3. The burden of proof is placed on the health care community. 4. The increase in governmental oversight allows for improved outcomes with decreased FTEs.

Q: To comply with the mandate to use EHRs by 2014, physicians and hospitals must have the EHR prepared and ready for implementation. Which of the following methods are available to entities that will assist in the funding of the EHR? 1. Medicare and Medicaid 2. HIPAA 3. Consumer Digest Guidelines 4. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Q: There has been an impact of the Health Insurance Reform Act, also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, on system use and design. Which of the following actions was enacted upon the president's signature? 1. Young people can remain on their parents insurance until 24 years old. 2. Children with preexisting conditions are no longer covered. 3. New plans must offer free preventive care. 4. There are lifetime limits on benefits.

Q: To receive financial incentives, hospitals and physician offices must meet designated criteria established by which organization? 1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 2. The Joint Commission 3. American Nurses Association 4. TIGER Initiative

Q: The effects of the new regulatory and reimbursement laws instigated subtle changes which will have an impact on the physician office as well as outpatient facilities, ancillary services, and hospitals. In order to become, or perhaps soon remain, a Medicare/Medicaid provider, a medical compliance program must be in place. According to the Fox Group's website (n.d., p. 1) that includes which of the following measures? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Compliance with health and safety laws and regulations 2. Compliance with fraud complaints 3. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations 4. Compliance with human resources laws and regulations 5. Compliance with HIPAA laws and regulations

Q: Healthcare entities, as well as their business associates, must notify individuals whose health information is breached within 60 days of that breach. In which of the following cases does the entity not have to notify the individual whose information has been breached? 1. If data are anonymous 2. If data are encrypted 3. If data are misplaced in setting 4. If data are lab results

Q: Implementing an electronic health record in a small primary care practice can be cost prohibitive. To assist in the cost of the endeavor, the government has done which of the following? 1. Provided loans to physicians to purchase technology 2. Offered physicians stipends if they use the equipment correctly 3. Has given financial aid to larger practices to purchase equipment 4. Has given physicians the equipment to convert to electronic health records

Q: Which act eases the budgetary impact of EHR thereby facilitating implementation? 1. HIPAA 2. ARRA 3. ESIGN 4. HITECH

Q: HIPAA and HITECH have designated some technical standards as mandatory. Which of the following are associated with the implementation of standards? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. The standards are insufficient to enable collection, management, and exchange of the mandated data. 2. Technical standards are needed to assure that structured and codified terminologies 3. Technical standards are needed to sufficiently capture all of health care 4. Standards must be widely available 5. Technical standards should be easily exchanged within and across organizations

Q: Which of the following skills are needed by nurse informaticists? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Communication 2. Mining data 3. Analyze data aggregates 4. Design in-case process 5. Design functional and clinically valid decision support

Q: The need for informaticians who understand health care has grown. Which of the following best represents the future of nursing informatics? 1. The role of the nurse informatician will decrease in the future with an emphasis on medical informatics. 2. The need for nurse informaticians will increase in the future. 3. The need for nurses to specialize in informatics is unnecessary. 4. Nurses need advanced education to participate in the design and implementation of the information system.

Q: ____________________________ is a specialty in nursing that focuses on the technology aspect of patient care. Standard Text:

Q: One of the biggest pitfalls and concerns to health care providers to the transition to the ICD-10 by 2013 is which of the following? 1. Training staff to use the new system efficiently 2. Having enough qualified personnel available to troubleshoot impending issues 3. The need to overcome resistance to change in the health care setting 4. The cost to convert the current systems to accommodate the changes

Q: Despite the negative responses by health care providers toward the transition from ICD-9 to ICD-10, which of the following statements is a clear benefit of the transition? 1. Over 100 countries have already adopted the ICD-10 coding system. 2. Coding solutions will be clearly understood by all health professionals. 3. The impact on small physician's practices will be negligible. 4. More nurses will be hired to maintain the systems.

Q: Which type of billing codes is used by Medicare to determine the level of severity and per diem rate? 1. POA 2. MS-DRG 3. ICD 4. PPAC

Q: According to Peters (2002), which of the following are considered stages of policy development? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Recognition of a problem or issue 2. Agenda setting 3. Policy formation 4. Brain storming 5. Budgeting

Q: What do the TIGER initiative and nursing have in common? 1. One of the top goals of the TIGER Initiative is to have more nurses play an active role in the development of a national health care information technology infrastructure. 2. One of the top goals of the TIGER Initiative is to have more nurses create standards of approval. 3. One of the top goals of the TIGER Initiative is to move toward medical informatics. 4. One of the top TIGER initiative goals is to add supportive personnel at the bedside.

Q: Health policy may at times contribute to negative trends. Certain aspects of U.S. health policy have been blamed for creating or contributing to some of the health problems. Which of the following are associated with wayward policies? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Lack of clinical and administrative standardization 2. Fragmented care 3. Unequal access to care 4. Turning health problems into marketing opportunities 5. Failure to curtail costs for services

Q: Which of the following laws, signed by President Clinton in 2000, gives electronic signatures the same legal status as handwritten signatures? 1. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 2. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) 3. Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) 4. The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act

Q: The need for health care reform has been obvious for some time but the implications of the broken U.S. health care delivery system were largely brought to the attention of the public through which famous report? 1. Learning What Works: Infrastructure Required for Comparative Research - Workshop Summary 2. From Public Health: Revitalizing Law and Policies to Meet New Challenges 3. To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System 4. Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2020

Q: MIPPA is an acronym for ___________________. Standard Text:

Q: Health information technology can be seen as a tool to aid the health care reform process through which of the following? 1. Limited engagement 2. Sharing information with interested parties 3. Recognition of its potential to improve the safety and efficiency of health care delivery 4. Denying care to individuals who cannot pay

Q: President George W. Bush signed a law that mandated the development of an EHR for every American by which year? 1. 2013 2. 2014 3. 2015 4. 2020

Q: Widespread adoption of HIT (Health Information Technology) requires _______________ and policies that make quality improvement and cost reduction essential to providers in order to accomplish their financial and professional goals. Standard Text:

Q: Health care technology has multiple benefits and can be instrumental in continuing the health care reform process. Which of the following would be considered a benefit? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Immediate electronic access to all records 2. The development of best practice models 3. A larger portion of the operating budget used to purchase and maintain electronic equipment 4. Improves the safety and efficiency of health care delivery 5. Facilitates the sharing of information needed to improve the quality of care

Q: The Health Information Technology (HIT) Committee was created under the auspices of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). The committee is composed of several workgroups designated by the National Coordinator for Health IT. Which of the following are individual working groups are associated with the HIT Committee? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Governance 2. Privacy and Security Tiger Team 3. Strategic Plan Privacy and Security Policy 4. National Health Information Network (NHIN) 5. Meaningful Use Certification/Adoption Information Exchange

Q: Which of the following serve as a guide in the development of the policies and technologies used to support quality reporting and other uses of health data? 1. Budget 2. Regulations 3. Issues 4. Values

Q: The development of HIT policy advisory boards should reflect the needs of all citizens. To gather data needed to create appropriate policies, special interest groups become part of the assessment and planning process. To that end, which of the following groups support or impact health care policy? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Policy 2. Alliance for Health Reform 3. American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations 4. American Hospital Association 5. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Q: With the increased use of HIT in health care settings, nurses are asked to participate in the development of national, state, and local policy. How can nurses gain practical experience in policy shaping and development? 1. Internships 2. Continuing education programs 3. Online legal courses 4. Volunteer in a homeless shelter

Q: TIGER Leadership Collaborative Report has called for transformation of the health care delivery system through the development of a national health information infrastructure that requires nurse leaders "understand, promote, own, and measure the success of health IT." To do so, which of the following strategies cannot be incorporated? 1. Education programs for nurse executives and faculty that stress the value of information technology and empower them to use HIT appropriately 2. The expansion/integration of informatics competencies into nursing leadership development programs 3. Exchange best practice models with physician groups 4. Sharing of best practices using HIT effectively to improve the delivery of nursing care

Q: Nurse executives are asked to play important roles in the shaping of HIT policy. Which of the following apply to ways in which they can be actively involved? Standard Text: Select all that apply. 1. Overcome financial and cultural barriers related to HIT 2. Support and provide leadership development on HIT-related topics 3. Incrementally decrease the information technology budget line for support services 4. Contribute to research that substantiates the business case for nursing 5. Improve patient safety through the use of decision-support tools at the point of care

Q: Nurses can be leaders in the development and implementation of HITs by which of the following? 1. Guiding the process 2. Attending graduate school 3. Resisting change and innovation 4. Researching best practice models

Q: What are some of the HIT benefits that can be actualized in the health care setting? 1. Decreased point of care contact 2. Increased revenue 3. Personalized health care 4. Increased need to upgrade technology

Q: The health information exchange requires exchange of health-related information according to nationally recognized standards to link into which of the following as it can provide a standardized, secure, and confidential way to link information systems together for authorized users to share reliable health-related information? 1. Office of National Coordinator (ONC) 2. Health information exchange (HIE) 3. National health information network (NHIN) 4. Health Information Security and Privacy Collaborative (HISPC)