Q&A Hero

Q: Why is breast milk superior to cow's milk for an infant? A. Cow's milk provides fewer calories per mL. B. Cow's milk provides less calcium per mL. C. Cow's milk provides less phosphorous per mL. D. Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it. E. It is a myth; cow's milk is equal in quality to breast milk.

Q: What is the infant's only source of nutrition during the first 2-3 days postpartum? A. Casein B. Colostrum C. Lactose D. Meconium E. Fructose

Q: The medial pole of the ovary is attached to the uterus by which ligament? A. Suspensory ligament B. Ovarian ligament C. Mesovarium D. Broad ligament

Q: The anterior margin of the ovary is anchored by a peritoneal fold called the __________. A. broad ligament B. ovarian ligament C. suspensory ligament D. mesovarium

Q: The __________ sometimes expels copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate. A. prostate gland B. paraurethral glands C. bulbourethral glands D. vestibular bulb E. vaginal epithelium

Q: During the plateau phase of the sexual response, the glans and clitoris swell as the deep arteries dilate and the __________ engorge with blood. A. uterine walls B. vaginal walls C. corpora cavernosa D. corpus spongiosum E. vestibular glands

Q: During __________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia. A. excitement B. detumescence C. orgasm D. resolution E. pregnancy

Q: In early pregnancy, what hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum? A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Human chorionic somatomammotropin D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone E. Progesterone

Q: Pregnancy kits test for the presence of what hormone? A. Progesterone B. Human chorionic gonadotropin C. Estrogen D. Leutinizing hormone E. Follicle-stimulating hormone

Q: Contraceptive pills mimic the ___________ feedback effect of ___________. A. positive; FSH and LH B. positive; estrogens and progesterone C. negative; FSH and LH D. negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) E. negative; estrogens and progesterone

Q: Between weeks 3 and 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a __________. A. trophoblast B. zygote C. blastocyst D. embryo E. fetus

Q: Which form of estrogen is the most potent in pregnancy? A. Estriol B. Estrone C. Estradiol D. Androstenedione E. Equilinin

Q: When does oogenesis begin? A. During embryonic development B. At birth C. During thelarche D. During pubarche E. During menarche

Q: In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as __________. A. Primary follicles B. Secondary follicles C. Tertiary follicles D. Graafian follicles E. Primordial follicles

Q: During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete __________, which stimulates secretion of __________. A. estradiol; LH B. estradiol; FSH C. estradiol; GnRH D. progesterone; FSH E. progesterone; LH

Q: Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase? A. GnRH B. FSH C. LH D. Progesterone E. Estradiol

Q: What hormone(s) inhibit(s) the secretion of FSH and LH during the female sexual cycle? A. GnRH B. Estradiol and progesterone C. Estradiol D. Progesterone E. Androgens

Q: What do lutein cells develop from? A. The corona radiata B. The corpus luteum C. The theca interna D. The granulosa cells E. The corpus albicans

Q: Which phase of the menstrual cycle is the one associated with menstrual cramps? A. Proliferative B. Secretory C. Follicular D. Premenstrual E. Luteal

Q: During climacteric, what can cause hot flashes? A. Vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries B. Vasodilation of cutaneous arteries C. Vasodilation of cranial arteries D. Vasoconstriction of cranial arteries E. Vasodilation of facial arteries

Q: Which of the following occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle? A. Several follicles are developing an antrum B. The corpus luteum is shrinking C. The corpus luteum is enlarging D. Oogonia are transforming into primary oocytes E. The oocyte completes meiosis II

Q: What does the term "menstrual cycle" specifically refer to? A. The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth B. The events that recur every month during pregnancy C. The cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause D. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes E. The cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormonal changes

Q: What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as? A. A primary oocyte B. A secondary oocyte C. A primary follicle D. A secondary follicle E. A tertiary follicle

Q: Which stage of meiosis is an ovulated egg in? A. Prophase I B. Metaphase I C. Telophase I D. Prophase II E. Metaphase II

Q: When does an ovum finish meiosis? A. During fertilization B. During implantation C. While in a secondary follicle D. While in a primary follicle E. While in a tertiary follicle

Q: Most ovulation home test kits measure a surge of which hormone? A. FSH B. LH C. Estradiol D. Progesterone E. HCG

Q: In ovulation, after expelling the oocyte the follicle becomes a __________ and secretes __________. A. corpus albicans; FSH and LH B. corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone C. corpus luteum; FSH and LH D. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone E. corpus albicans; progesterone

Q: What is a follicle composed of? A. An organ in the ovary B. An oocyte C. An oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells D. A group of granulosa cells E. A group of follicular cells

Q: Which follicle stage is characterized by the development of a corona radiata? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Graafian

Q: Where are follicles located? A. Medulla of the ovary B. Cortex of the ovary C. Center of the ovum D. Epithelium of the endometrium E. Epithelium of the placenta

Q: What is the earliest sign of puberty in girls? A. The onset of breast development B. The appearance of pubic and axillary hair C. The appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands D. The first menstrual period E. The increase in muscle mass

Q: Which of the following is considered a "feminizing hormone"? A. Female gonadotropin-releasing hormone B. Follicle-stimulating hormone C. Androgen D. Androgen and progesterone E. Estrogen

Q: Which hormone acts primarily on the uterus? A. Estrogen B. Androgen C. Progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone E. Luteinizing hormone

Q: The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is characteristic of which stage of puberty? A. Menopause B. Climacteric C. Thelarche D. Pubarche E. Menarche

Q: What is the midlife change in estrogen and progesterone levels referred to as? A. Climacteric B. Menopause C. Atresia D. Menarche E. Pubarche

Q: What is the cessation of menstruation referred to as? A. Menarche B. Menopause C. Climacteric D. Pubarche

Q: What provides most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement? A. Seminiferous tubules B. Vaginal mucosa C. Vestibular bulbs D. Greater vestibular glands E. Lesser vestibular glands

Q: The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of __________. A. perimetrium B. endometrium C. dense regular connective tissue D. dense irregular connective tissue E. myometrium

Q: Which of these is not found in the vestibule? A. Urinary orifice B. Mons pubis C. Vaginal orifice D. Labia minora E. Clitoris

Q: __________ are found in both male and female external genitalia, but the ___________ is/are only found in the female. A. Corpora cavernosa; urethral orifice B. Corpora cavernosa; bulbourethral glands C. Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs D. Corpus spongiosum; mons pubis E. Corpus spongiosum; urethral orifice

Q: When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts? A. During the last weeks of fetal development B. At birth C. During infancy D. During puberty E. During pregnancy

Q: What determines breast size? A. The amount of adipose tissue B. The amount of collagenous fiber C. The size of lactiferous sinuses D. The amount of mammary gland tissue E. Muscle tone

Q: Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cell of the mammary acini.

Q: Which of the following is a part of the internal female genitalia? A. Vagina B. Clitoris C. Labia majora D. Labia minora E. Mammary gland

Q: In which structure does fertilization usually occur? A. Urethra B. Uterus C. Ovary D. Urinary bladder E. Uterine tube

Q: Which of the following structures is composed of a theca folliculi, granulosa cells, a zona pellucida, and a secondary oocyte? A. Primary follicle B. Secondary follicle C. Tertiary follicle D. Corpus luteum E. Corpus albicans

Q: What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus? A. Uterine tube B. Vagina C. Urethra D. Vas deferens E. Copulatory duct

Q: Which uterine layer is composed of a simple columnar epithelium containing tubular glands? A. Fimbrium B. Myometrium C. Endometrium D. Cervix E. Perimetrium

Q: Which of the following is not a component of the vulva? A. Vaginal orifice B. Mons pubis C. Clitoris D. Cervix E. Labia minora

Q: In the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, which arteries rhythmically constrict and dilate causing endometrial ischemia? A. Uterine B. Arcuate C. Spiral D. Internal iliac E. Ovarian

Q: After puberty, which epithelium lines the vagina? A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Stratified squamous epithelium C. Transitional epithelium D. Simple columnar epithelium E. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Q: Where does an embryo usually attach to its mother? A. To the endometrium B. To the perimetrium C. To the myometrium D. To the lining of the uterine tube E. To the lining of the vagina

Q: Unlike men, women lack a refractory period and may experience successive orgasms.

Q: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to grow and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Q: Progesterone stimulates uterine contractions.

Q: Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born.

Q: Which of the following is not a change in the male body that results from puberty? A. Deepening of the voice B. Gain in muscle mass C. Growth of the scrotum and penis D. Acne E. These are all changes associated with male puberty.

Q: Which of the following is not a function of the sustentacular cells? A. They secrete inhibin. B. They secrete androgen-binding protein. C. They secrete testosterone. D. They protect and support the germ cells. E. Their tight junctions form the blood-testis barrier.

Q: In the female fetus, the absence of testosterone results in the development of the external genitalia into clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora.

Q: The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder.

Q: The vagina has no glands but it is moistened by mucus from glands in the cervical canal.

Q: Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary.

Q: Inhibin modulates the secretion of LH.

Q: The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels.

Q: The ovarian cycle typically lasts about 28 days, with day 1 considered to be the first day after ovulation.

Q: Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.

Q: The proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries.

Q: In the excitement phase, the uterus rises from its forward-tilted (anteverted) position.

Q: Which of the following explains the neural mechanism of an erection? A. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. B. It is an autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. C. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers. D. It is a somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers. E. It is an exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cerebral cortex.

Q: Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the __________. A. excitement phase B. erection of the penis C. climax (orgasm) D. plateau phase E. resolution phase

Q: Sildenafil (Viagra) prolongs erection by __________. A. activating nitric oxide (NO) production B. inactivating guanylate cyclase C. stimulating production of cGMP D. inhibiting degradation of cGMP E. inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production

Q: In the process of spermiogenesis, __________ become __________. A. spermatocytes; spermatozoa B. spermatozoa; spermatids C. spermatogonia; spermatocytes D. spermatocytes; spermatids E. spermatids; spermatozoa

Q: In meiosis, each parent cell produces __________. A. two haploid cells B. four haploid cells C. two diploid cells D. four diploid cells E. haploid cells that are identical to the parent cell

Q: The process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis begins with a __________ and ends with four __________. A. sperm cell; interstitial cells B. sperm cell; sustentacular cells C. secondary spermatocyte; spermatocytes in general D. secondary spermatocyte; germ cells E. germ cell; gametes

Q: At the end of meiosis I there are __________, whereas at the end of meiosis II there is/are __________. A. two diploid cells; one diploid cell B. two diploid cells; one haploid cell C. two diploid cells; four haploid cells D. two haploid cells; four haploid cells E. two haploid cells; one diploid cell

Q: Which of the following is the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction? A. It reduces the size of the gametes. B. It produces at least one gamete that is mobile. C. It prevents the chromosome number from doubling in each generation. D. It ensures that each daughter cell doubles the number of chromosomes. E. It changes the genetic composition of each chromosome.

Q: At what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail? A. Spermatozoon B. Spermatid C. Primary spermatocyte D. Secondary spermatocyte E. Spermatogonium

Q: Sperm cells get energy to power their movement from __________, which is contributed by the __________. A. prostaglandins; prostate gland B. sucrose; bulbourethral gland C. fructose; seminal vesicles D. seminogelin; prostate gland E. semen; seminiferous gland

Q: Male infertility (sterility) refers to _________. A. the inability to fertilize an egg B. low sperm count C. a lack of seminal fluid during ejaculation D. low levels of testosterone E. the inability to have an erection

Q: The acrosome contains enzymes used to __________. A. dissolve the mucosa of the vagina B. dissolve the mucosa of the uterus C. dissolve the stickiness of the semen D. penetrate the vagina E. penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum