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Q:
Which of the following results in heat exhaustion?
A. Extreme electrolyte loss via sweat
B. Denaturation of proteins in the brain tissue
C. Excessive heat loss from the body
D. A high rate of conduction and convection
E. A high humidity that retards evaporative cooling
Q:
Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients?
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Vitamins
E. Minerals
Q:
Three hours after your lunch and you are absorbing nutrients, which digestive phase are you in?
A. Postabsorptive state
B. Absorptive state
C. Gastric state
D. Vasoactive state
Q:
Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state?
A. Glucagon levels increase
B. Blood glucose falls
C. Fatty acids are oxidized for fuel
D. Lipolysis is occurring
E. Gluconeogenesis is suppressed
Q:
Which of the following is secreted during the postabsorptive state?
A. Gastrin
B. Insulin
C. Growth hormone
D. Cholecystokinin
E. Secretin
Q:
Which of the following does not raise the total metabolic rate?
A. Starvation
B. Anxiety
C. Fever
D. Eating a big meal
E. Pregnancy
Q:
When should the basal metabolic rate be measured?
A. When a person is sleeping
B. When a person first rises in the morning
C. When a person has just eaten a meal of no more than 2000 kcal
D. When a person is in the absorptive state
E. When a person is engaged in normal physical activity but not strenuous exercise
Q:
Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ____________ ATP per glucose, whereas anaerobic fermentation produces __________.
A. 2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
B. 32; none
C. 32; 2
D. 32; 36
E. 36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
Q:
Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?
A. Glucose
B. Pyruvic acid
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Lactic acid
E. Glycogen Gradable: automatic 41. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein __________, which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called __________.
A. enzyme complex; reduction
B. ATP synthase; oxidation
C. enzyme complex; proton pumping
D. ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism
E. cytochrome c; reduction Gradable: automatic
Q:
Most of the fat in the body is stored in what form?
A. LDL
B. HDL
C. Cholesterol
D. Triglycerides
E. Fatty acids
Q:
Fatty acids are catabolized through which process?
A. Beta oxidation
B. Ketogenesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Lipolysis
E. The fat-sparing effect
Q:
Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces __________, which might lead to __________.
A. triglycerides; new triglycerides
B. ketone bodies; acidosis
C. pyruvic acid; acidosis
D. glycerol; alkalosis
E. acetyl-CoA; acidosis
Q:
How much ATP can oxidation of a 16 carbon atom fatty acid yield?
A. 2 ATP
B. 18 ATP
C. 36 ATP
D. 38 ATP
E. 129 ATP
Q:
Where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur?
A. The intestinal mucosa
B. The gastric mucosa
C. The hepatic sinusoids
D. The splenic sinusoids
E. The pancreatic islets
Q:
The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to __________ them.
A. digest
B. deaminate
C. transaminate
D. aminate
E. synthesize
Q:
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Detoxification
C. Phagocytosis
D. Secretion of digestive enzymes
E. Synthesis of plasma proteins
Q:
Which metabolic process produces ammonia?
A. Beta oxidation of a-ketoglutaric acid
B. Lipolysis
C. Transamination of urea
D. Amination of keto acids
E. Deamination of glutamic acid
Q:
The liver performs all of the following functions except __________.
A. converting ammonia to urea
B. carrying out most beta oxidation
C. producing insulin and glucagon
D. synthesizing cholesterol
E. synthesizing glucose from fats and amino acids
Q:
Which of the following occurs during the postabsorptive state?
A. Blood glucose rises
B. Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis
C. Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
D. Glucose is stored by glycogenesis
E. Protein synthesis is active
Q:
Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Pyruvic acid
C. Lactic acid
D. Glucose
E. Oxygen
Q:
What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?
A. Glycolysis
B. The citric acid cycle
C. Anaerobic fermentation
D. The mitochondrial proton pumps
E. The electron transfer from FADH2
Q:
Which of the following is the healthiest ratio of triglycerides?
A. High HDL: low LDL
B. High LDL: low HDL
C. High LDL: low chylomicron
D. High SFA: low HDL
E. High chylomicron: low LDL
Q:
Where does HDL in the body come from?
A. The diet
B. The liver
C. The pancreas
D. The small intestine
E. The gallbladder
Q:
Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Transport of blood lipids
C. Maintaining blood viscosity and osmolarity
D. Catalyzing enzymatic reactions
E. Serving as cofactors for enzymes
Q:
Where is most protein in the body found?
A. In the skeletal system
B. In the muscular system
C. In the the cardiovascular system
D. In the integumentary system
E. In the lymphatic system
Q:
Who would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?
A. A growing child
B. A pregnant woman
C. A weightlifter
D. A patient with muscle atrophy
E. A sprinter
Q:
High-quality __________ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.
A. globular
B. fibrous
C. net
D. incomplete
E. complete
Q:
Which vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
E. Vitamin E
Q:
Minerals are __________, whereas vitamins are __________.
A. micronutrients; macronutrients
B. water-soluble elements; lipid-soluble compounds
C. inorganic elements; organic compounds
D. inessential nutrients; essential nutrients
E. incomplete nutrients; complete nutrients
Q:
Which of the following represents the overall reaction for aerobic respiration?
A. C6H12O6 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 O2
B. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C. C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 6 O2 + 6 H2O
D. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
E. 6 O2+ 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
Q:
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvic acid
E. Acetyl-CoA
Q:
Which of these processes is essential for all of the rest to happen?
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Lactic acid reduction
D. Electron transport chain
E. Anaerobic fermentation
Q:
__________ happens in the cytoplasm, whereas __________ happens in the mitochondrion.
A. The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
B. Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
C. Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
D. Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
E. Glycolysis; pyruvic acid reduction
Q:
Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration?
A. It transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
B. It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD.
C. It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD.
D. It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
E. It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
Q:
What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Glycolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Glycogen catabolism
Q:
Which of the following constitutes the so-called "bad cholesterol?"
A. Triglycerides
B. Chylomicrons
C. Low-density lipoproteins
D. High-density lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins
Q:
Defecation is stimulated by __________.
A. the chemical composition of the feces
B. bacterial flora in the feces
C. water content of the feces
D. lipid content in the feces
E. stretching of the rectum
Q:
The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called __________.
A. carbonic acid
B. carbonic anhydrase
C. dipeptidase
D. protease
E. ATPase
Q:
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
A. Activate pepsinogen to pepsin
B. Activate lingual lipase
C. Emulsify lipids
D. Destroy ingested pathogens
E. Convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines?
A. They both have villi, but only the small intestine has microvilli.
B. The small intestine has deeper intestinal crypts than the large intestine.
C. The small intestine has simple columnar epithelium and the large intestine does not.
D. Intestinal crypts are only found in the large intestine.
E. The large intestine has larger circular folds than the small intestine.
Q:
Which of the following is not a trigger for mass movements of the colon?
A. The gastrocolic reflex
B. The duodenocolic reflex
C. Chyme filling the duodenum
D. Chyme filling the stomach
E. The colorectal reflex
Q:
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________.
A. the gastrocolic reflex
B. the duodenocolic reflex
C. mass movement
D. haustral contraction
E. defecation
Q:
The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.
Q:
__________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas __________ is a long-term regulator.
A. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
B. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
D. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
Q:
Which of the following are macronutrients?
A. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
B. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
E. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water
Q:
__________ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas __________ yield about 9 kcal/g.
A. Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
B. Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
C. Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
D. Carbohydrates; fats and proteins
E. Carbohydrates and fats; proteins
Q:
Where are most carbohydrates in the body found?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Muscle glycogen
C. Blood glucose
D. Liver glycogen
E. Pancreas glucose
Q:
Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except __________.
A. glycolipids
B. glycoproteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
E. ATP
Q:
Which of the following is not a function of lipids?
A. They form the plasma membrane structure.
B. They form myelin around nerve fibers.
C. They form the structure of some hormones.
D. They provide cushioning around soft organs.
E. They form skeletal muscle fibers.
Q:
Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora?
A. Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet
B. Synthesis of vitamin K
C. Production of some of the gases found in flatus
D. Digestion of cellulose
E. Formation of part of the feces
Q:
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces.
A. 2
B. 14
C. 30
D. 55
E. 80
Q:
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?0-2013
A. Circular folds (plicae circulares)
B. Intestinal length
C. Microvilli
D. Villi
E. Rugae
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true?
A. It milks the chyme toward the colon.
B. It allows a bolus to move down the esophagus.
C. It churns and mixes residue in the descending colon.
D. It churns and mixes a bolus with gastric juices.
E. It propels pancreatic juice down the pancreatic duct.
Q:
The __________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the __________ of the stomach.
A. villi; pyloric glands
B. rugae; Peyer patches
C. intestinal crypts; gastric pits
D. goblet cells; parietal cells
E. pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve
Q:
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.
A. liver; small intestine
B. small intestine; stomach
C. mouth; stomach
D. mouth; small intestine
E. stomach; small intestine
Q:
The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.
A. lactase; glucose
B. peptidases; proteins
C. lipases; micelles
D. lactose; lactase
E. nucleases; nucleotides
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLP)?
A. It is a uniport carrier.
B. It is an antiport carrier.
C. It uses solvent drag to transport glucose and sodium.
D. It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
E. It transports glucose from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in the opposite direction.
Q:
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the __________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the __________.
A. small intestine; large intestine
B. small intestine; liver
C. stomach; small intestine
D. stomach; large intestine
E. small intestine; small intestine
Q:
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.
A. triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol
B. low density lipoproteins (LDL)
C. chylomicrons
D. emulsification droplets
E. micelles
Q:
Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?
A. Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
B. Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
C. Trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
D. Trypsin, pepsin, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase
E. Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin
Q:
Lipids are transported to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells by __________, and are then processed into __________.
A. fat droplets; micelles
B. fat droplets; chylomicrons
C. micelles; fat globules
D. micelles; chylomicrons
E. fat globules; micelles
Q:
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.
A. carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals
B. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
C. proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
D. triglycerides, starches, and proteins
E. proteins, fats, and minerals
Q:
The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.
A. circular folds; ceca
B. taeniae coli; haustra
C. haustra; taeniae coli
D. internal sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages
E. internal sphincters; ceca
Q:
Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
A. Trypsinogen
B. Chymotrypsinogen
C. Deoxyribonuclease
D. Sodium bicarbonate
E. Enterokinase
Q:
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
A. Triglycerides
B. Amino acids
C. Glucose
D. Minerals
E. Water-soluble vitamins
Q:
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
A. Salivary amylase
B. Pancreatic amylase
C. Pepsin
D. Trypsin
E. Dipeptidase
Q:
Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.
A. gastric pits
B. surface of the gastric mucosa
C. intestinal crypts
D. brush border of the small intestine
E. cytoplasm in the cells of the small intestine
Q:
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, __________ is/are secreted by __________ cells.
A. intrinsic factor; parietal
B. bile salts; chief
C. lecithin; hepatic
D. hydrochloric acid; parietal
E. enterokinase; mucous
Q:
Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.
A. chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
B. chief cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); parietal cells
C. parietal cells; hydrochloric acid (HCl); chief cells
D. parietal cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); chief cells
E. enteroendocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH); parietal cells
Q:
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.
A. it saves one step in their synthesis
B. gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
C. they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly
D. they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
E. they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly
Q:
The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
A. relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
B. stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
C. stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
D. inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
E. relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon
Q:
__________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.
A. Enterokinase; pepsin
B. Gastrin; secretin
C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Gastric lipase; histamine
E. Secretin; pepsin
Q:
The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.
A. cephalic
B. gastric
C. intestinal
D. gastrointestinal
E. mesenteric
Q:
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed.
A. pancreas
B. stomach
C. liver
D. spleen
E. small intestine
Q:
A hepatic triad consists of __________.
A. the right, left, and common hepatic ducts
B. the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct
C. the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts
D. a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
E. a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid
Q:
Of the following components of bile, only __________ has/have a digestive function.
A. bile salts
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. phospholipids
E. neutral fats
Q:
The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.
A. duodenum; neutral fats
B. ileum; bilirubin
C. gallbladder; cholesterol
D. pancreas; bile salts
E. liver; cholesterol
Q:
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called __________.
A. insulin
B. cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. secretin
D. glucagon
E. gastrin
Q:
The swallowing center is located in the __________.
A. mouth
B. oropharynx
C. esophagus
D. medulla oblongata
E. enteric nervous system
Q:
The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.
A. central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system
B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
C. autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
D. voluntary; also voluntary
E. involuntary; also involuntary