Q&A Hero

Q: The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________. A. central nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system B. central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes C. autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes D. voluntary; also voluntary E. involuntary; also involuntary

Q: Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________. A. pharyngeal constrictors B. the upper esophageal sphincter C. the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) D. esophageal glands E. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters

Q: The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum. A. gastric rugae B. antrum C. pyloric sphincter D. fundic region E. cardiac region

Q: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells. A. mucous B. regenerative (stem) C. parietal D. chief E. enteroendocrine

Q: Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed? A. Water B. Vitamins C. Proteins D. Minerals E. Cholesterol

Q: Which of the following is not an accessory organ of digestion? A. Tongue B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Salivary glands E. Spleen

Q: Each of the following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract. Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface? A. Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa B. Serosa, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa C. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria D. Mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria E. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa

Q: The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________. A. falciform ligament B. mesentery C. greater omentum D. lesser omentum E. esophageal hiatus

Q: An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________. A. proteins; nucleotides B. amino acids; proteins C. polysaccharides; amino acids D. nucleic acids; nucleotides E. fatty acids; cholesterol

Q: The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________. A. autonomic nervous system; serosa B. central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa D. visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa E. visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa

Q: The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found. A. keratinized; lingual papillae B. keratinized; lingual frenulum C. nonkeratinized; lingual papillae D. nonkeratinized; tonsils E. nonkeratinized; vallate papillae

Q: Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth. A. 20; 32 B. 16; 20 C. 28; 20 D. 32; 20 E. 32; 32

Q: Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest? A. Cementum, root canal, enamel B. Enamel, root canal, dentin C. Dentin, enamel, cementum D. Enamel, dentin, pulp E. Crown, enamel, dentin

Q: Which of the following is not normally found in saliva? A. Mucus B. Lysozyme C. Amylase D. Lipase E. Protease

Q: The large intestine absorbs water, fats, and salts.

Q: The large intestine is longer than the small intestine.

Q: The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________. A. ingestion B. compaction C. digestion D. absorption E. secretion

Q: The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________. A. mesenteries B. mucosae C. submucosae D. muscularis mucosae E. muscularis externa

Q: The layer that is responsible for the motility that propels food and residue through the digestive tract is called the __________. A. lumen B. muscularis externa C. submucosa D. mucosa (mucous membrane) E. serosa

Q: The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________. A. lumen B. muscularis externa C. submucosa D. mucosa (mucous membrane) E. serosa (mesentery)

Q: Enamel is found in the crown of a tooth, whereas dentin is part of both the crown and the root.

Q: Both chemical and mechanical digestion start in the mouth and continue in the stomach.

Q: Gastric juice consists entirely of water and hydrochloric acid.

Q: Absorption of many nutrients starts in the stomach.

Q: The liver is the body's largest gland.

Q: Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum.

Q: The small intestine begins with the duodenum, which is its longest segment.

Q: The brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells.

Q: Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.

Q: Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.

Q: Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Lymphatic alkalosis

Q: Emphysema can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosis

Q: A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? A. Hyperventilation B. Hypoventilation C. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys D. Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys

Q: The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue.

Q: The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system.

Q: Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex.

Q: Which of the following characterizes a weak base? A. It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH. B. It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH. C. It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH. D. It resists changes in OH-. E. It lowers the pH.

Q: When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they __________ at the same time. A. secrete potassium B. secrete sodium C. reabsorb potassium D. secrete chloride E. reabsorb sodium

Q: Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? A. The protein buffer system B. The bicarbonate system C. The phosphate system D. The carbonic acid system E. The ammonium buffer system

Q: The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which ___________. A. supplies the buffer system with CO2 B. supplies the buffer system with O2 C. expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system D. expels H+ produced by the buffer system E. expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

Q: Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells? A. It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells. B. It transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium. C. It transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells. D. It exchanges K+ for Na+. E. It exchanges H+ for Na+.

Q: Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their ___________ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their __________ side groups. A. -NH2; -PO4 B. -PO4; -COOH C. -NH2; -COOH D. -COOH; -NH2 E. -PO4; -NH2

Q: Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? A. It causes repolarization. B. It causes depolarization below threshold. C. It causes hyperpolarization. D. It causes depolarization above threshold.

Q: How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? A. By secreting more bicarbonate ions B. By secreting more hydrogen ions C. By secreting more sodium ions D. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions E. By reabsorbing more ammonia

Q: Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________. A. metabolic alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. urinary alkalosis D. urinary acidosis E. respiratory acidosis

Q: An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosis

Q: Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? A. An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF B. An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF C. An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF D. A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF E. A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF

Q: Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? A. CO2 + H2O H2CO3HCO3- + H+ B. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+H2CO3 C. H2CO3CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ D. H2CO3HCO3- + H+ E. CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+

Q: What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? A. 6.95-7.05 B. 7.05-7.15 C. 7.15-7.25 D. 7.25-7.35 E. 7.35-7.45

Q: What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? A. The urinary and respiratory B. The urinary and digestive C. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein D. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein E. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

Q: What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? A. Fibrinogen B. Albumin C. Alpha globulin D. Gamma globulin E. Transferrin

Q: What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? A. Albumin B. Fibrinogen C. Gamma globulin D. Hemoglobin E. Myoglobin

Q: Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except __________. A. chronic vomiting B. diarrhea C. heavy sweating D. aldosterone hyposecretion E. excessive use of laxatives

Q: What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? A. HCO3- B. PO43- C. HPO42- D. H2PO4- E. Cl-

Q: Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____________ homeostasis. A. H2PO4- B. PO43- C. HCO3- D. Na+ E. K+

Q: Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? A. It participates in muscle contraction. B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids. C. They serve as second messengers. D. It activates exocytosis. E. It is important in blood clotting.

Q: How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? A. By hormones B. By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma C. By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma D. By the parasympathetic nervous system E. By the sympathetic nervous system

Q: Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids? A. They are not a significant component of nucleic acids. B. They are not important for cell membrane structure. C. They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions. D. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin. E. They participate in the activation of some enzymes.

Q: Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal. A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi

Q: Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? A. Water retention B. Edema C. Hypertension D. Interstitial fluid accumulation E. A reduction in plasma volume

Q: What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+ E. Pi

Q: Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? A. Hypotension B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. High blood sodium concentration E. High blood potassium concentration

Q: Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Atrial natriuretic hormone D. Oxytocin E. Prolactin

Q: What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. Pi

Q: What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? A. 10 L B. 20 L C. 40 L D. 60 L E. 70 L

Q: What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. PO43-

Q: Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? A. Cells are more excitable. B. The resting membrane potential is more negative. C. The cells are partially depolarized. D. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation. E. There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.

Q: Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? A. Cells are partially depolarized. B. There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells. C. Cells are more excitable. D. The resting membrane potential is more positive. E. Cells are hyperpolarized.

Q: Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? A. Cooling of the mouth B. Distention of the stomach by ingested water C. A drop in blood osmolarity D. Moistening of the mouth E. Increased salivation

Q: What is the principal cation of the ECF? A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. K+ D. Na+ E. Pi

Q: Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Posterior pituitary D. Proximal convoluted tubule E. Distal convoluted tubule

Q: What is the function of aldosterone? A. It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. B. It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion. C. It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. D. It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. E. It causes the urine to be more diluted.

Q: Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention.

Q: Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? A. Intracellular fluid (ICF) B. Extracellular fluid (ECF) C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma and lymph E. Transcellular fluid

Q: What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? A. The temperature difference between compartments B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment C. The relative volume in each compartment D. The relative size of each compartment E. The blood pressure

Q: In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? A. Intracellular fluid B. Transcellular fluid C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma E. Lymph

Q: Most body water intake is from __________, whereas most body water lost is via __________. A. metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration B. metabolic water; sweat C. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air D. drinking; urine E. drinking; radiation

Q: Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called __________. A. baroreceptors B. proprioceptors C. nociceptors D. osmoreceptors E. mechanoreceptors

Q: What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. B. It promotes water conservation. C. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. D. It inhibits salivation and thirst. E. It targets the cerebral cortex.

Q: Water output is largely controlled by varying ___________. A. metabolic water production B. sweating C. cutaneous transpiration D. drinking E. urine volume