Philosophy

Q: Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? A. Intracellular fluid (ICF) B. Extracellular fluid (ECF) C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma and lymph E. Transcellular fluid

Q: What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? A. The temperature difference between compartments B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment C. The relative volume in each compartment D. The relative size of each compartment E. The blood pressure

Q: In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? A. Intracellular fluid B. Transcellular fluid C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid D. Blood plasma E. Lymph

Q: Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors.

Q: The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.

Q: Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity.

Q: Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.

Q: Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.

Q: Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration.

Q: Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus.

Q: Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.

Q: Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.

Q: Angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Q: Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells.

Q: Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles.

Q: The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate.

Q: The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes.

Q: Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.

Q: In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.

Q: Micturition is another term for __________. A. the production of nitrogenous wastes B. glomerular filtration C. the countercurrent multiplier process D. inflammation of the urinary bladder E. the elimination of urine

Q: The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.

Q: Albuminuria is a common sign of diabetes mellitus.

Q: Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somatic motor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence.

Q: Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct.

Q: Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol.

Q: The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function.

Q: The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water.

Q: A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate? A. 40% B. 56% C. 64% D. 72% E. 80%

Q: Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate? A. Insulin and glucose B. Inulin and creatinine C. Sodium and water D. Albumin and inulin E. Insulin and urea

Q: Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min. Why is this? A. It is absorbed by the nephron loop. B. It is secreted by the glomerulus. C. It is absorbed by the renal tubules. D. It is secreted by the renal tubules. E. It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.

Q: Which of the following is not found in the ureter? A. Adventitia B. Two layers of smooth muscle C. Three layers of smooth muscle D. Transitional epithelium E. Skeletal muscle

Q: The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder. A. detrusor B. distractor C. pubococcygeus D. corpus spongiosum E. corpus cavernosum

Q: The __________ is not a portion of the urethra. A. external urethral orifice B. internal urethral sphincter C. prostatic urethra D. membranous urethra E. spongy urethra

Q: The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________. A. body's water volume is high B. body's pH is low C. output of antidiuretic hormone is high D. output of natriuretic peptides is high E. person is lost and deprived of drinking water

Q: Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? A. The collecting duct B. The countercurrent multiplier C. The countercurrent exchange system D. Diuretics E. The length of the nephrons

Q: The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules. A. potassium; same B. calcium; opposite C. calcium; same D. sodium; opposite E. sodium; same

Q: The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to __________. A. supply salt and urea to the renal medulla B. supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex C. supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla D. remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex E. remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla

Q: Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? A. Aldosterone B. Antidiuretic hormone C. Parathyroid hormone D. Norepinephrine E. Angiotensin II

Q: Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. A. creatinine B. urobilin C. glucose D. ammonia E. magnesium

Q: The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________. A. monochrome B. urochrome C. cyanochrome D. multichrome E. pyuria

Q: To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________. A. 0.5 L B. 1.0 L C. 1.5 L D. 2.0 L E. 3.0 L

Q: Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________. A. diabetes insipidus B. acute glomerulonephritis C. diabetes mellitus D. renal calculus E. pyelitis

Q: Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________. A. feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland B. countercurrent multiplier system C. countercurrent exchanger system D. aquaporins of the collecting duct E. thirst mechanism and water intake

Q: Aldosterone acts on the __________. A. proximal convoluted tubule B. medullary portion of the collecting duct C. descending limb of the nephron loop D. distal convoluted tubule E. glomerulus

Q: In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid. A. Na+-K+ pump B. countercurrent multiplier C. countercurrent exchange D. vasa recta E. juxtaglomerular apparatus

Q: Which of the following is not a method by which atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure? A. Increasing glomerular filtration rate B. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion C. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney D. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine

Q: Hypocalcemia stimulates __________. A. a decrease in aldosterone production B. secretion of parathyroid hormone C. secretion of renin D. an increase in blood urea nitrogen E. vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

Q: Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? A. Glomerulus B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct E. Nephron loop

Q: Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________. A. renal corpuscle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. glomerular capillaries E. collecting duct

Q: In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus. A. amino acids B. electrolytes C. glucose D. vitamins E. protein

Q: Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? A. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole B. A drop in oncotic pressure C. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole E. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

Q: The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________. A. renal autoregulation B. the myogenic mechanism C. tubuloglomerular feedback D. sympathetic control E. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Q: In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. A. azotemia B. sodium chloride C. parathyroid hormone D. aldosterone E. angiotensin II

Q: Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg. A. 10 mm Hg out B. 20 mm Hg out C. 30 mm Hg out D. 40 mm Hg out E. 50 mm Hg out

Q: Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the _________, to form angiotensin I. A. lungs B. kidneys C. liver D. heart E. spleen

Q: Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. A. proximal convoluted tubules B. distal convoluted tubules C. loops of Henle D. collecting ducts E. glomeruli

Q: Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A. Potassium B. Sodium chloride C. Hydrogen ions D. Urea E. Water

Q: Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________. A. reabsorption of all the solute B. a renal clearance of zero C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0 D. appearance of that solute in the urine E. absence of that solute from the urine

Q: Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? A. Decreased urine volume B. Decreased urine molarity C. Increased urine volume D. Increased urine salinity E. Increased urine acidity

Q: Blood plasma is filtered in the __________. A. renal tubule B. renal corpuscle C. renal capsule D. renal column E. renal calyx

Q: Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? A. Macula densa cells B. Mesangial cells C. Nephrocytes D. Podocytes E. Monocytes

Q: Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium? A. The thin segment of the nephron loop B. The thick segment of the nephron loop C. The collecting duct D. The proximal convoluted tubule E. The distal convoluted tubule

Q: Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? A. Cortical nephrons B. Juxtamedullary nephrons C. Collecting ducts D. Proximal convoluted tubules E. Distal convoluted tubules

Q: In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________. A. plasma B. glomerular filtrate C. tubular fluid D. renal filtrate E. medullary filtrate

Q: Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system? A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal. B. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder. C. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females. D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity. E. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.

Q: The medial concavity of the kidney is called the __________, which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter. A. medulla B. corpuscle C. cortex D. hilum E. capsule

Q: A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? A. Pyuria B. Hematuria C. Albuminuria D. Uremia E. Phenylketonuria

Q: The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its __________ innervation is unknown. A. sympathetic; parasympathetic B. parasympathetic; sympathetic C. central; peripheral D. peripheral; central E. enteric; somatic

Q: The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the __________. A. perirenal fat capsule B. renal fascia C. hilum D. fibrous capsule E. renal medulla

Q: A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of __________. A. two calyces and a renal pelvis B. one pyramid and the overlying cortex C. one major calyx and all of its minor calyces D. a renal medulla and two renal columns E. one collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it

Q: A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________. A. minor calyx B. major calyx C. renal medulla D. renal papilla E. ureter

Q: Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex? A. Arcuate a. interlobar a. afferent arteriole interlobular a. B. Interlobar a. interlobular a. segmental a. arcuate a. C. Segmental a. interlobar a. arcuate a. interlobular a. D. Afferent arteriole interlobular a. arcuate a. interlobar a. E. Segmental a. arcuate a. interlobar a. interlobular a.

Q: The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________. A. glomerulus B. medulla C. cortical radiate veins D. peritubular capillaries E. vasa recta

Q: The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney. A. 1.2 million B. 2.4 million C. 3.6 million D. 4.8 million E. 5.6 million

Q: Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein? A. Interlobular v. interlobar v. segmental v. renal v. B. Arcuate v. interlobar v. segmental v. renal v. C. Interlobar v. interlobular v. arcuate v. renal v. D. Segmental v. arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v. E. Interlobular v. arcuate v. interlobar v. renal v.

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