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Q:
A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cell count lower than __________ has AIDS.
A. 20,000 cells/mL
B. 5,000 cells/mL
C. 1,000 cells/mL
D. 200 cells/mL
E. 50 cells/mL
Q:
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________ from foreign ones.
A. self-immunoglobulins
B. self-antibodies
C. self-antigens
D. self-interleukins
E. self-complement proteins
Q:
Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of __________.
A. local anaphylaxis
B. anaphylactic shock
C. autoimmune disease
D. an HIV infection
E. AIDS
Q:
Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
A. Squamous-cell carcinoma
B. Oat-cell carcinoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Pulmonary edema
E. Cor pulmonale
Q:
Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?
A. A Bohr effect
B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
C. A pneumothorax
D. Atelectasis
E. Ondine's curse
Q:
Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
A. Apnea
B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome
C. Acute bronchitis
D. Acute rhinitis
E. Asthma
Q:
Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?
A. Antigen recognition antigen presentation differentiation clonal selection attack
B. Antigen recognition antigen presentation clonal selection differentiation attack
C. Antigen presentation antigen recognition clonal selection differentiation attack
D. Antigen presentation antigen recognition clonal selection attack differentiation
E. Antigen recognition differentiation antigen presentation clonal selection attack
Q:
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________.
A. allergens
B. venoms
C. cancer cells
D. extracellular viruses
E. toxins
Q:
A(n) __________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.
A. epitope
B. antigen
C. hapten
D. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
E. antibody monomer
Q:
T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________.
A. bone marrow
B. bloodstream
C. spleen
D. thymus
E. liver
Q:
T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, which means they __________.
A. react against self antigens
B. develop surface antigen receptors
C. remain alive but unresponsive
D. die and macrophages phagocytize them
E. multiply and form clones of identical T cells
Q:
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates __________ immunity.
A. artificial passive
B. artificial active
C. natural passive
D. natural active
E. artificial specific
Q:
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________.
A. plasma
B. thymus
C. lymphatic tissues
D. lymph
E. blood plasma
Q:
Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells?
A. Reticular cells
B. Dendritic cells
C. Macrophages
D. B cells
E. T cells
Q:
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________.
A. hapten
B. immunoglobulin
C. natural killer cell
D. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
E. basophil
Q:
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________.
A. blood plasma
B. lymph nodes
C. thymus
D. red bone marrow
E. liver
Q:
Helper T (TH) cells do not __________.
A. secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of B cells
B. secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells
C. secrete cytokines that stimulate macrophage activity
D. secrete inflammatory chemicals
E. secrete fever-producing chemicals
Q:
__________ participate in both nonspecific resistance and immune response.
A. Memory T (TM) cells
B. Regulatory T (TR) cells
C. Natural killer (NK) cells
D. Helper T (TH) cells
E. Cytotoxic T (TC) cells
Q:
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________.
A. secrete interferons
B. secrete granzymes and perforin
C. participate in the immune response
D. participate in nonspecific resistance
E. secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Q:
Memory T cells can be up to __________ old.
A. weeks
B. days
C. decades
D. years
E. months
Q:
Which of the following is something antibodies do not do?
A. Link antigen molecules together
B. Neutralize antigens by binding to regions of an antigen that can be pathogenic
C. Bind to enemy cells, thus changing their shape so their complement-binding sites are exposed
D. Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack
E. Bind antigen molecules of two or more enemy cells and stick them together
Q:
Vaccination stimulates __________ immunity.
A. natural active
B. artificial active
C. natural passive
D. artificial passive
E. nonspecific
Q:
__________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.
A. Monocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Basophils
D. Neutrophils
E. Eosinophils
Q:
___________ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO).
A. Neutrophils
B. Basophils
C. Cytotoxic T cells
D. Natural killer cells
E. Suppressor T cells
Q:
Complement fixation cannot lead to __________.
A. enhanced inflammation
B. opsonization
C. endogenous pyrexia
D. bacterial phagocytosis
E. cytolysis
Q:
__________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.
A. Complement system globulins
B. Interferons
C. Granzymes
D. Pyrogens
E. Perforins
Q:
When an enemy cell is present, a(n) __________ secrete perforins, which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane.
A. interferon
B. interleukin
C. natural killer cell
D. antibody
E. opsonization
Q:
A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________.
A. inflammation
B. opsonization
C. complement fixation
D. cytolysis
E. fever
Q:
The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is __________.
A. chemotaxis
B. margination
C. diapedesis
D. phagocytosis
E. opsonization
Q:
__________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.
A. Impaired use
B. Redness
C. Pain
D. Heat
E. Swelling
Q:
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________.
A. bradykinin; histamine
B. selectin; prostaglandin
C. histamine; heparin
D. heparin; histamine
E. prostaglandins; selectin
Q:
Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation?
A. Cytotoxic T cells
B. Macrophage
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
E. Endothelial cells
Q:
One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells is __________.
A. selectins
B. cytokines
C. granzymes
D. perforins
E. interferons
Q:
Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by __________ during a process called __________.
A. lymphocytes and monocytes; opsonization
B. neutrophils and macrophages; cytolysis
C. mast cells and basophils; opsonization
D. mast cells and basophils; cytolysis
E. neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization
Q:
__________ are antimicrobial proteins.
A. Bradykinins
B. Interferons
C. Cytokines
D. Kinins
E. Prostaglandins
Q:
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________.
A. immunity starts in defined organs in the body
B. immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body
C. immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system
D. immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
E. immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system
Q:
Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense?
A. The macrophage system
B. Natural killer cells
C. Inflammation
D. The gastric juices
E. Interferon and the complement system
Q:
__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.
A. Nonspecific resistance; cytotoxicity
B. Adaptive immunity; nonspecific resistance
C. A natural killer cell; a cytoxic T cell
D. Nonspecific resistance; adaptive immunity
E. Adaptive immunity; specific immunity
Q:
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________.
A. protein
B. carbon dioxide
C. metabolic waste
D. electrolytes
E. sodium and potassium
Q:
Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
A. water
B. glucose
C. vitamins
D. amino acids
E. lipids
Q:
The __________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.
A. adenoid
B. lingual
C. palatine
D. pharyngeal
E. nasopharyngeal
Q:
Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow?
A. Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
B. The thoracic pump
C. The skeletal muscle pump
D. The lymphatic node pump
E. Arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels
Q:
Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue?
A. Peyer patches
B. MALT
C. Lymphatic nodules
D. Macrophages
E. Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Q:
__________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the __________.
A. Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts
B. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian arteries
C. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins
D. Collecting ducts; subclavian veins
E. Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries
Q:
Immune surveillance is a process in which __________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.
A. T lymphocytes (T cells)
B. reticular cells
C. dendritic cells
D. macrophages
E. natural killer (NK) cells
Q:
The __________ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. pharyngeal tonsils
E. appendix
Q:
The only lymphatic organ(s) with afferent lymphatic vessels is(are) the __________.
A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. red bone marrow
E. tonsils
Q:
Removal of the __________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.
A. spleen
B. lymph node
C. thymus
D. appendix
E. palatine tonsil
Q:
Clonal selection of T cells happens in the thymus.
Q:
Naive T cells can synthesize antibodies.
Q:
Humoral immunity takes care of intracellular viruses, whereas cellular immunity takes care of extracellular viruses.
Q:
Most Memory B cells are found circulating in the lymph.
Q:
Some antibodies against foreign antigens can react to similar self-antigens, causing an autoimmune disease.
Q:
Lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 50%
E. 85%
Q:
Mucous membranes prevent most pathogens from entering the body because of the stickiness of the mucus and the presence of lysozymes.
Q:
Interferons are secreted in response to bacterial infections.
Q:
Pus is made of dead neutrophils, macrophages, and other tissue debris from a damaged tissue.
Q:
Pyrogens act by increasing the set point for body temperature in the thalamus.
Q:
The antigenicity of a molecule is due to specific regions of it called haptens.
Q:
Interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each other.
Q:
Helper T cells respond only to epitopes attached to MHC proteins.
Q:
Cytotoxic T cells respond only to antigens bound to MHC-I proteins.
Q:
Which of the following activities would fatigue your hand muscles the fastest?
A. Squeezing a ball as hard as you can without stopping
B. Alternately squeezing a ball then relaxing
C. Bouncing a ball on the floor as many times as you can
D. Throwing a ball in the air and catching it as many times as you can
Q:
During exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles __________.
A. dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites
B. constrict in response to increased muscle metabolites
C. dilate in response to increased O2 and decreased CO2
D. constrict in response to increased O2 and decreased CO2
Q:
What is the path of blood flow from the heart to the lung tissues and back to the heart?
A. Left ventricle aorta brachiocephalic artery lung tissues bronchial veins brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava right atrium
B. Right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lung tissues pulmonary veins left atrium
C. Right ventricle brachiocephalic arteries lung tissues brachiocephalic veins inferior vena cava left atrium
D. Left ventricle aorta bronchial arteries lung tissues bronchial veins azygos vein superior vena cava right atrium
Q:
What is the path of blood from the heart, to the left zygomaticus muscles, and back to the heart?
A. Aorta left brachiocephalic artery left common carotid artery left internal carotid artery left occipital artery zygomatic tissues left maxillary vein left internal jugular vein left subclavian vein left brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
B. Aorta left common carotid artery left internal carotid artery left maxillary artery zygomatic tissues left facial vein left external jugular vein left subclavian vein left brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
C. Aorta left common carotid artery left external carotid artery left facial artery zygomatic tissues left facial vein left internal jugular vein Left subclavian vein Left brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cava
D. Aorta left brachiocephalic artery left common carotid artery left external carotid artery left facial artery zygomatic tissues left facial vein left internal jugular vein left subclavian vein superior vena cava
Q:
What is the path of blood from the heart to the right little finger (pinky) and back to the heart?
A. Aorta brachiocephalic trunk right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right ulnar artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right ulnar vein right brachial vein right axillary vein right subclavian vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
B. Aorta right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right radial artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right radial vein right brachial vein right axillary vein right subclavian vein superior vena cava
C. Aorta brachiocephalic trunk right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right ulnar artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right basilic vein right cephalic vein right axillary vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
D. Aorta right subclavian artery right axillary artery right brachial artery right basilic artery palmar arches venous palmar arches right basilic vein right cephalic vein right subclavian vein right brachiocephalic vein superior vena cava
Q:
What is one possible path of blood from the heart to the left hallux and back to the heart?
A. Aorta left common iliac artery left internal iliac artery left femoral artery left popliteal artery left posterior tibial artery dorsal pedal artery arcuate arteries dorsal venous arch left fibular vein left popliteal vein left internal iliac vein left common iliac vein inferior vena cava
B. Aorta left common iliac artery left external iliac artery left femoral artery left popliteal artery left anterior tibial artery dorsal pedal artery arcuate arteries dorsal venous arch left great saphenous vein left femoral vein left external iliac vein left common iliac vein inferior vena cava
C. Aorta left common iliac artery lleft external iliac artery left great saphenous artery left anterior tibial artery dorsal pedal artery arcuate arteries dorsal venous arch left small saphenous vein left femoral vein left internal iliac vein left common iliac vein inferior vena cava
D. Aorta left common iliac artery left internal iliac artery left small saphenous artery left popliteal artery left posterior tibial artery dorsal pedal artery arcuate arteries dorsal venous arch left femoral vein left internal iliac vein left common iliac vein inferior vena cava
Q:
Lymph originates in blood capillaries that pick up tissue fluid.
Q:
Red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system.
Q:
Which of the following is a portal system?
A. Heart artery vein heart
B. Heart artery arteriole capillary bed arteriole capillary bed venule vein heart
C. Heart artery artery arteriole capillary bed venule vein heart
D. Heart artery arteriole capillary bed venule vein vein heart
Q:
Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age?
A. Our veins get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force
B. Our veins get 'hard' and absorb less diastolic force
C. Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force
D. Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less diastolic force
Q:
A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?
A. Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
B. Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
C. Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
D. Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Q:
What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time?
A. Increased respiratory rate
B. Vasoconstriction
C. Increased heart rate
D. Venous pooling
Q:
How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog?
A. It is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity
B. It is decreased due to decreased skeletal muscular pump activity
C. It is decreased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity
D. It is increased due to decreased skeletal muscular pump activity
Q:
While out hiking, a friend of yours falls and suffers a trauma. You notice they start to go into shock. What do you do to help?
A. Lie them down and elevate their head
B. Hold them upright in a standing position
C. Encourage them to sit up
D. Lie them down and elevate their legs
Q:
Which of the following statements about TIAs and CVAs is true?
A. TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke.
B. TIAs are the result of brain tissue death caused by ischemia.
C. A CVA usually results from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries.
D. TIAs often result in blindness and paralysis.
Q:
Your grandmother is experiencing temporary dizziness, blurred vision, paralysis on her left side, and mild aphasia. What do you think might be happening?
A. She has arteriosclerosis.
B. She is having a myocardial infarction.
C. She has an aortic aneurism.
D. She is having a TIA.
Q:
What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta from superior to inferior?
A. Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries
B. Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries
C. Superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries
D. Superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries
E. Superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, and common iliac arteries
Q:
Which of the following constitutes the principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs?
A. The branches of the celiac trunk
B. The azygos system
C. The mesenteric circulation
D. The hepatic portal system
E. The coronary and pulmonary veins