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Q:
A patient with no sensation in the left thumb would most likley have nerve damage of the __________ spinal nerve.
A. T1
B. T5
C. C5
D. C6
E. L3
Q:
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?
A. Lateral tectospinal tract
B. Medial reticulospinal tract
C. Ventral corticospinal tract
D. Vestibulospinal tract
E. Gracile fasciculus
Q:
A mixed nerve consists of both __________ and ___________.
A. myelinated; unmyelinated fibers
B. glial cells; nerve cells
C. afferent; efferent fibers
D. association; integration neurons
E. spinal; cranial fibers
Q:
Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve has the somas of only sensory neurons?
A. Posterior (dorsal) root
B. Anterior (ventral) root
C. Posterior ramus
D. Anterior ramus
E. Meningeal branch
Q:
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the __________.
A. medullary cone
B. cauda equina
C. lumbar enlargement
D. cervical enlargement
E. spinal cord
Q:
"Somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from __________.
A. bones and muscles
B. joints
C. proprioceptors
D. the viscera
E. the skin
Q:
Neurosomas of the anterior root are located in the __________.
A. gray matter
B. posterior root ganglion
C. white matter
D. anterior rootlets
E. anterior root ganglion
Q:
A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________.
A. nerve fiber; nerves
B. nerve fiber; axons
C. nerve; axons
D. nerve fiber; neurosomas
E. nerve; neurosomas
Q:
Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?
A. Somatic receptor interneuron afferent nerve fiber efferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle
B. Somatic receptor efferent nerve fiber interneuron afferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle
C. Somatic receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber skeletal muscle
D. Somatic receptor efferent nerve fiber afferent nerve fiber interneuron skeletal muscle
E. Somatic receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber smooth muscle
Q:
The connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle is called the __________.
A. myelin
B. perimysium
C. epineurium
D. endoneurium
E. perineurium
Q:
Which of the following is comprised of anterior rami from C5-T1?
A. Cervical plexus
B. Brachial plexus
C. Coccygeal plexus
D. Sacral plexus
E. Lumbar plexus
Q:
The anterior rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except the _________ region.
A. thoracic
B. cervical
C. lumbar
D. sacral
Q:
The cervical plexus is the origin of the __________ nerve(s).
A. oculomotor
B. sciatic
C. musculocutaneous
D. radial
E. phrenic
Q:
Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus?
A. Axillary
B. Sciatic
C. Phrenic
D. Ilioinguinal
E. Obturator
Q:
Epidural anesthesia is introduced to the epidural space between the __________ to block pain signals during pregnancy.
A. dural sheath and dura mater
B. dural sheath and vertebral bones
C. dura mater and arachnoid mater
D. arachnoid mater and pia mater
E. dura mater and pia mater
Q:
Voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the _________ of gray matter.
A. anterior horn
B. posterior horn
C. anterior column
D. posterior column
E. lateral horn
Q:
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________.
A. dural sheath and dura mater
B. dural sheath and vertebral bones
C. dura mater and arachnoid mater
D. arachnoid mater and pia mater
E. dura mater and pia mater
Q:
Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content?
A. Gray matter
B. White matter
C. Arachnoid mater
D. Dura mater
E. Pia mater
Q:
Which of the following is contained within gray matter?
A. Glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells
B. Glial cells and myelinated fibers
C. Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons
D. The distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons
E. Glial cells only
Q:
Motor commands are carried by __________ from the brain along the spinal cord.
A. both anterior and posterior roots
B. ascending tracts
C. spinal nerves
D. cranial nerves
E. descending tracts
Q:
Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the __________.
A. thalamus
B. dorsal root ganglion
C. spinal cord
D. cerebral cortex
E. medulla oblongata
Q:
Nerve fibers are insulated from one another by __________.
A. perineurium
B. endoneurium
C. fascicles
D. epineurium
E. blood vessels
Q:
Eyes and ears are innervated by _________ fibers.
A. white
B. visceral
C. somatic
D. special
E. general
Q:
A ganglion is a _________.
A. bundle of axons in the CNS
B. cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS
C. cluster of neurosomas in the PNS
D. bundle of axons in the PNS
E. cluster of neurosomas in the CNS
Q:
There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves.
A. 12
B. 24
C. 31
D. 35
E. 62
Q:
A dermatome is a nerve innervating a specific region in the skin.
Q:
Posterior root ganglia contain somas of unipolar neurons.
Q:
Somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Q:
The stretch reflex is the tendency of a muscle to stretch when it is overcontracted.
Q:
A stretch reflex is often accompanied by reciprocal inhibition.
Q:
The tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle's contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched.
Q:
The crossed extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side.
Q:
The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin with a soma in the __________.
A. posterior horn of the spinal cord
B. anterior horn of the spinal cord
C. motor association cortex of the cerebrum
D. postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum
E. precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
Q:
The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in the _________ tracts.
A. tectospinal
B. corticospinal
C. lateral vestibulospinal
D. medial vestibulospinal
E. spinocerebellar
Q:
Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the ___________.
A. posterior horn
B. anterior horn
C. posterior column
D. anterior column
E. posterior root ganglion
Q:
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?
A. Smell
B. Hearing
C. Touch
D. Taste
E. Vision
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord?
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Pelvic
E. Sacral
Q:
Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?
A. Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts
B. Mediate a reflex, such as the withdrawal of a hand from pain
C. Conduct sensory information up to the brain
D. Conduct motor information down the cord
E. Coordinate the alternating contraction of several muscle groups associated with locomotion
Q:
Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury?
A. A fracture of vertebra C2
B. A fracture of vertebra C6
C. A fracture of vertebra T5
D. A fracture of vertebra T12
E. A fracture of vertebra L4
Q:
The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the __________.
A. anterior horn
B. anterior root of a spinal nerve
C. posterior root of a spinal nerve
D. posterior horn
E. spinal nerve
Q:
The middle layer of the meninges is called the __________.
A. gray matter
B. white matter
C. dura mater
D. arachnoid mater
E. pia mater
Q:
Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?
A. In the PNS
B. In the CNS
C. In the PNS and CNS
D. Nowhere. Unmyelinated nerve fibers are never surrounded by Schwann cells.
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding unmyelinated nerve fibers in the PNS?
A. A Schwann cell folds its plasma membrane around several fibers .
B. A Schwann cells wraps its plasma membrane around each individual fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
C. An oligodendrocyte cells wraps its plasma membrane around each fiber as it does with myelinated fibers.
D. Satellite cells cluster around each axon to form a pseudo-myelin sheath.
Q:
In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination?
A. It grows within a regeneration tube.
B. The axonal terminals grow towards the soma until the two severed fragments are reunited.
C. The axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron.
D. Injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination.
Q:
If the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked in a resting neuron, what would happen to its resting membrane potential?
A. It would become more positive.
B. It would become more negative.
C. The RMP would be unaffected.
D. It would hyperpolarize.
Q:
Where does saltatory conduction occur?
A. From node to node in myelinated fibers
B. From node to node in unmyelinated fibers
C. Down the entire length of a myelinated fiber
D. Down the entire length of an unmyelinated fiber
Q:
Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the synaptic cleft; D - A nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob; E - Ligand gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.
A. D, B, C, E, A
B. D, B, E, A, C
C. B, C, D, E, A
D. B, D, C, A, E
Q:
Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell's metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor
A. E, D, C, A, B
B. E, D, A, C, B
C. D, E, C, A, B
D. D, E, A, C, B
Q:
The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit?
A. Convergent
B. Divergent
C. Reverberating
D. Parallel after-discharge
Q:
Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter.
Q:
Cervical and lumbar enlargements are wide points in the spinal cord marking the emergence of motor nerves.
Q:
Each portion of the spinal cord, from which a spinal nerve emerges, is called a "segment" of the cord.
Q:
Nerve fibers in a given white matter tract are similar in origin, destination, and function.
Q:
Voluntary motor signals typically begin in an upper motor neuron in the thalamus.
Q:
Most nerves are motor nerves.
Q:
A nerve fiber is enclosed in its own fibrous sleeve called perineurium.
Q:
A ganglion is a swelling along a nerve containing the cell bodies of peripheral neurons.
Q:
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
A. Depolarization of the cell membrane
B. Repolarization of the cell membrane
C. Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
D. No change in the cell membrane potential
E. No change of the threshold
Q:
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.
A. chloride; IPSP
B. sodium; IPSP
C. calcium; IPSP
D. potassium; EPSP
E. calcium and sodium; IPSP
Q:
Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
A. A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV
B. A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
C. A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV
D. A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV
E. A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV
Q:
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called __________.
A. temporal summation
B. neural summation
C. spatial summation
D. neuronal coding
E. recruitment
Q:
What is the opposite of presynaptic inhibition?
A. Coding
B. Integration
C. Recruitment
D. Summation
E. Facilitation
Q:
What type of neural circuit is best for producing a prolonged output?
A. A converging circuit
B. A diverging circuit
C. A reverberating circuit
D. A presynaptic pool
E. An autonomic pool
Q:
Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural __________.
A. recruitment
B. pooling
C. integration
D. facilitation
E. coding
Q:
Accumulation of Ca2+ in the synaptic knob is called __________, and probably plays an important role in __________.
A. synaptic facilitation; short-term memory
B. neural coding; immediate memory
C. postsynaptic potential; long-term memory
D. neural coding; short-term memory
E. long-term potentiation; long-term memory
Q:
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?
A. The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.
B. The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells.
C. The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood.
D. The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells.
Q:
Which body system(s) is(are) dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli?
A. Nervous and endocrine
B. Nervous
C. Endocrine
D. Nervous, endocrine, and integumentary
Q:
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
A. Excitablity
B. Conductivity
C. Secretion
D. Permeability
Q:
If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?
A. Secretion
B. Excitability
C. Conductivity
D. Permeability
Q:
How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the soma to its axon terminals?
A. Along microtubules
B. By diffusion
C. Via cytoplasmic streaming
D. Through co-transport
Q:
Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). What is the function of this enzyme?
A. It binds to chloride gates.
B. It breaks down monoamines.
C. It blocks sodium channels.
D. It converts ATP to cyclic AMP.
E. It degrades acetylcholine.
Q:
Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission?
A. Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
B. Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid.
C. Neurotransmitters are no longer released.
D. The synaptic knob reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis.
E. Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters.
Q:
Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Dopamine
C. Histamine
D. Acetylcholine
E. b-endorphin
Q:
A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
A. A local potential develops
B. Threshold is reached
C. Hyperpolarization of the membrane
D. Repolarization of the membrane
E. A resting membrane potential is established
Q:
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
A. Threshold is reached
B. Hyperpolarization of the membrane
C. Depolarization of the membrane
D. Hypopolarization of the membrane
E. The resting membrane potential is reinstated
Q:
Local potentials are __________, whereas action potentials are __________.
A. irreversible; reversible
B. self-propagating; local
C. graded; all or none
D. nondecremental; decremental
E. produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels
Q:
What occurs during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane?
A. Sodium ions are entering the cells
B. Sodium ions are leaving the cell
C. Potassium ions are entering the cell
D. Potassium ions are leaving the cell
E. Both sodium and potassium ions are leaving the cell
Q:
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
A. If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion.
B. The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.
C. The signal grows weaker with distance.
D. It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus.
E. No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
Q:
A traveling wave of excitation is known as a(n) __________.
A. local potential
B. graded potential
C. action potential
D. nerve signal
E. depolarizing signal
Q:
What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers?
A. There are no internodes in unmyelinated fibers.
B. There are more internodes in unmyelinated fibers.
C. Facilitated diffusion of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers.
D. Active transport of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated fibers.
E. Diffusion of ions along the axoplasm is faster.