Q&A Hero

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: Taffy is a university lab chimpanzee; the university has lost its animal research grant and has to decide what to do with Taffy.

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: Taffy is a university lab chimpanzee; the university has lost its animal research grant and has to decide what to do with Taffy.

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: Taffy is a university lab chimpanzee; the university has lost its animal research grant and has to decide what to do with Taffy.

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: Taffy is a university lab chimpanzee; the university has lost its animal research grant and has to decide what to do with Taffy.

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: Identify the moral perspective at work here: At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.The dog has been out so long she's probably freezing. You ought to let her in.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.You shouldn't have included that material on the exam. It was never mentioned in class.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Smoke from wood-burning stoves has become a serious health hazard. They ought to be banned.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.We ought not to leave the showroom model's accessories off the price tag, since that will really mislead customers.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Galileo's hypothesis should be suppressed. The biblical account in Ecclesiastes clearly states that the sun rises and sets and hastens to the place where it will rise again.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.In 1965, there were 47,000 road fatalities in the United States. By 1984, there were only 44,250 fatalities, but that is still far too many. The reductions between 1965 and 1984 were due primarily to federal requirements for motor vehicle safety. So, even stricter federal safety controls should be required.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim. "You shouldn't have criticized David so harshly; his mistake was a trivial one." The severity of one's criticism should match the severity of the mistake criticized.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.It's time to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba. Doing so will make the hemisphere a safer place.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.You have no right to complain about Stephenson's performance; after all, you voted for him.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Knowing how to think critically may help save someone's life some day, so you ought to develop your ability to do so.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Look, Sam! There's been a bad accident up ahead. We really ought to stop and see whether there's any way we can help.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.If the Simmonses don't begin teaching their son some discipline, he's going to grow up to be an irresponsible adult. That would amount to moral irresponsibility on the part of the Simmonses.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.The computer programs we recently received are all "shareware"they are accompanied by notices saying that anyone who keeps and uses the program should send a small fee to the author. I think it's only right that we send a check to two of the program authors, since we've started getting a lot of use out of two of the programs.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Dr. Shelby is getting away with charging outrageous fees because she is the only physician in town. She really ought to lower her rates so that she won't be taking advantage of the isolation of the community.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Harold is obligated to supply ten cords of firewood to the lodge by the beginning of October, since he signed a contract guaranteeing delivery of the wood by that date.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Karen and Gina were roommates for about five months, and, as far as Gina knew, they had planned to room together until the end of the school year. But when Gina returned from a weekend at her parents', Karen had moved out. Since she couldn't find a new roommate on such short notice, Gina asked Karen to pay half of the next month's rent, but Karen answered that she didn't owe the rent since she wasn't living there anymore. I think Karen should pay at least half of one month's rent, since Gina was led to believe Karen was going to be living there and paying half.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.I think Martin's pushing his children into dangerous sports like football and motocross racing is immoral.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Daniel was bad yesterday. He let only one of the two children who live next door ride his new bike.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Mortimer did the right thing when he decided to start a regular deduction from his paycheck on behalf of the United Way.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Mr. Thomas ought to treat his pets better. He feeds them so little that they look like they're starving to death.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Scotty's mother not only is getting too old to take care of herself but also is unable to pay for proper care in a nursing home. It seems to me that Scotty should either take her in or otherwise make sure she is taken care of properly.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.

Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.When Sarah bought the lawn mower from Jean, she promised to pay another fifty dollars on the first of the month. Since it's now the first, Sarah should pay Jean the money.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.Pat won a free trip to Europeshe's the luckiest person I know.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.Jim ought to learn to take his hat off when he's in someone else's home.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.The Rosens' wedding ceremony was the loveliest one I've ever seen.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.Allison's necklace is very old.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.The sketches we got back from the designer were awful.

Q: State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.The judge's decision was the right one, and everybody got just what they deserved.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: Professor Richard Kennedy of Mosor University believed that there was a link between the amount of coffee people consumed and their reaction time. 100 regular coffee drinkers between the ages 18-35 were studied for this experiment. The participants were instructed to not consume any coffee for 2 weeks prior to the experiment. For the experiment, they were required to press a buzzer when a light in front of them came on. The time they took to press the buzzer after the light came on was considered their reaction time. Their reaction time for 10 trials were measured. The experiment was repeated after the participants consumed coffee. The researchers found that people were more likely to react twice as fast after drinking coffee than before. However, researchers also found that after 2 cups of coffee, there was an inverse relationship between the participants' reaction time and the amount of coffee they consumed. Professor Kennedy concluded that moderate consumption of coffee would be beneficial to people.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: A research was conducted to study the link between insulin production and hunger. 500 people from the age of 18 and 30 were chosen for this experiment. 250 people who had been diagnosed with low production of insulin were assigned to group A, while people with normal insulin production had been assigned to group B. Both groups had been adjusted for race, age, and socioeconomic differences. It was ensured that the participants had eaten before the experiment began. The members of both groups were shown images of various food items while an fMRI measured their brain activities. The part of brain responsible for signaling hunger, the hypothalamus, was activated in 80 percent people in group A, while it was activated in 27 percent people in group B. The researchers concluded that people's insulin production governs their eating habits.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: Researchers at Moros University believed that there was a link between sleep and athletic performance. They performed an experiment in which 300 marathoners between the ages of 17 and 27 were randomly assigned to group A and group B. Members who belonged to group A were instructed to sleep for 4 hours a day, while people in group B were instructed to sleep for 8 hours a day. Both groups were instructed to follow similar diets. For two weeks, the members of both groups were asked to run two miles every day, and their lactic acid levels were measured while they ran. The researchers found that members of group A were three times more likely to have a higher lactic acid buildup in their muscles than group B members. Group A members also took twice as long to clear the lactic acid buildup than members of group A.

Q: Evaluate the following analogical argument: I'm sure Kerron will win the tennis finals. He won the racquetball tournament, didn't he?

Q: Evaluate the following analogical argument:Look, I enjoyed my vacation in Tokyo. I'm sure I'm going to love living there as well.

Q: Evaluate the following analogical argument:I know somebody good for our band. Her name is Stacy, and she hasn't performed in a band, but she sings in my church choir.

Q: The claim "Exercise reduces the risk of heart diseases," if true, implies that exercise would reduce the risk of heart disease in the majority of the individuals who undertake it.

Q: Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45 and 60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat.If there is a control group here, it isA. overweight people in group B.B. overweight people in group A.C. overweight people in general.

Q: Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45-60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat.The research category that best fits this study isA. randomized controlled experiment.B. prospective observational study.C. retrospective observational study.

Q: Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45-60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat. Identify the sample. A. the overweight people who participated in the study B. overweight people in general C. overweight people in group A D. overweight people in group B

Q: Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45-60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat. Identify the target population. A. overweight people in general B. the overweight people who participated in the study C. overweight people in group A D. overweight people in group B

Q: Is the following a physical causal explanation or behavioral causal explanation? "They are not attending the concert because they are traveling that weekend."A. physicalB. behavioral

Q: Mark buys a pair of running shoes that is said to improve the user's speed. When he uses these shoes, he runs faster than he usually does. It works! he tells his friend. What type of argument or pattern of reasoning has Mark employed?

Q: Mark buys a pair of running shoes that is said to improve the user's speed. When he uses these shoes, he runs faster than he usually does. It works! he tells his friend. What causal claim (if any) is stated or implied in Mark's conclusion?

Q: Gwen plays basketball and soccer and has performed adequately in the two sports. She thinks she should learn a new sport. She expects to be adequate at it, given her performance in the other sports. Would her argument be stronger, weaker, or neither if she decided that she would undertake special training to excel at the new sport?

Q: Gwen plays basketball and soccer and has won many awards for the two sports. She thinks she should learn a new sport. She expects to be good at it, given her performance in the other sports. Would her argument be stronger, weaker, or neither if the sports she excelled at were tennis and badminton, but planned to learn soccer?

Q: Gwen plays basketball and soccer and has won many awards for the two sports. She thinks she should learn a new sport. She expects to be good at it, given her performance in the other sports. If we don't know which sport she would undertake, would her argument be stronger, weaker, or neither if she had excelled in four sports, rather than two?

Q: Make this inductive (statistical) syllogism into a strong argument by supplying an appropriate premise or conclusion: I'm sure Jim is attending the antiwar rally. Most Liberals are attending it.

Q: Make this inductive (statistical) syllogism into a strong argument by supplying an appropriate premise or conclusion: Rayyan must have the book No Place for Animals. Most animal rightists do.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor:William Elliott, a University of Chicago physician, has found a link between diagonal creases in earlobes and risk of heart disease. He investigated twenty-seven groups of people, each group containing two pairs of individuals matched for age, sex, and race: one pair with established coronary heart disease and another pair of healthy people. A single member of each pair also had creased earlobes. After eight years, a significantly greater number of people with ear creases had died of heart disease, whether or not they were known to have heart disease at the start of the study.Elliott, who reported his findings at a meeting of the American Federation for Clinical Research, encourages other physicians to monitor patients with earlobe creases for symptoms of heart disease.Adapted from Science News

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: Smoking greatly increases the likelihood of premature facial wrinkling, according to University of Utah scientists reporting in the Annals of Internal Medicine. The scientists studied 109 smokers and 23 people who had never smoked, all between the ages of thirty-five and fifty-nine. The smokers had smoked three to fifty pack-years, with a pack-year equal to smoking one pack a day per year. Each subject estimated the number of hours spent in the sun, and that information was adjusted for pigmentation, place of residence, and use of sunscreen or protective clothing. The subjects temples were then photographed and the pictures evaluated by two doctors, who did not know whether the subject smoked or not. The reviewers agreed on the degree of wrinkling 81 percent of the time, and disagreements were averaged. The results were adjusted for age and pigmentation. Heavy smokers were nearly five times more likely to show excessive skin wrinkling than their nonsmoking counterparts.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: As reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association, 26 surgeons-in-training were studied to see whether sleep deprivation impaired their patient-care ability. For 18 to 19 days the residents kept a sleep diary and underwent five tests each morning to measure cognition, visual and auditory alertness, and hand-eye coordination. Sleep deprivation was defined as less than 4 hours of continuous sleep in the previous 24 hours, which occurred in 89 percent of the on-duty nights studied. When sleep deprivation occurred, total sleep averaged 3 hours, and the longest uninterrupted sleep averaged 2.2 hours.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: We provided evidence that we could prevent myocardial infarction in angina patients, says Pierre Theroux of the Montreal Heart Institute. As reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (October 27, 1988), Theroux and his colleagues placed 479 hospitalized patients who had experienced chest pains into four treatment groups receiving either aspirin, heparin, a combination of the two, or a placebo. Heparin therapy reduced the rate of fatal and nonfatal heart attacks by 89 percent as compared with the placebo. It also reduced chest pain by 63 percent. Previous studies of heparin treatment of chest pain have produced questionable results, Theroux says.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: Dr. Dean Ornish, of the University of California San Francisco Medical School and Pacific Presbyterian Medical Center, wanted to learn whether lifestyle changes could reverse the progress of heart disease. At first, he found little support for his research, and several of his grant requests were turned down. Eventually he secured funding from private contributors.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: "Barbara Sherwin, director of a research team at McGill University, found that a small quantity of the male hormone testosterone, in addition to estrogen, led to a spicier sex life for some postmenopausal women. Twenty-two of the McGill teams subjects were given 150 milligrams a month of testosterone with estrogen, 11 were given estrogen alone, and 11 took placebos. The testosterone group reported more desire and arousal and more frequent sexual thoughts than did the women in the other two groups. Though 17 percent of the testosterone recipients developed mild facial hair, this side effect receded when the dosage was reduced."

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: Women who take one to six aspirin tablets a week can lower their risk of heart attacks, according to a new study conducted at Bostons Brigham and Womens Hospital. The study followed 87,678 female nurses for six years. According to the study leader, Dr. JoAnn Manson, there was a 30 percent reduction in the risk of a first heart attack among women who took one to six aspirin tablets per week. Altogether, about 26 percent of the nurses studied took one to six aspirin a week, she said.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine concludes that the number of handgun deaths in Vancouver, British Columbia, between 1980 and 1986 was less than one-fifth that of Seattle, 120 miles to the south. Seattles population is approximately 490,000, whereas Vancouvers is about 43,000.

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: A study from the University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School suggests, says psychologist David E. Schotte, coauthor of the study, "that dieters have to learn to cope with stresses and emotional upsets in order to lose weight." Fifteen women who were frequent dieters and fifteen who dieted infrequently were all given a premeasured bag of popcorn, and then saw scenes from Halloween. After the screening, each bag was collected and reweighed. The habitual dieters ate more than twice as much popcorn as did the women who dieted infrequently.

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.In 1960, Dutch researchers from the University of Leiden questioned 852 men and their wives about the mens diets and then monitored the men for the next twenty years. They found that the death rate from heart disease was more than 50 percent lower among men who ate at least thirty grams (one ounce) of fish per day compared with men who ate no fish. Just one or two fish dishes a week, the researchers say, "may be of value in the prevention of coronary heart disease."Adapted from Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.In a study of telephone operators in North Carolina, Suzanne Haynes of the National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville, Maryland, compared 278 women who worked all day at video display terminals (VDTs) with 218 clerical workers in the same companies who did not use VDTs. Twice as many VDT users reported chest pains as clerical workers in the same companies20 percent compared to 10 percent. Perhaps, Haynes commented, "VDTs can be the ultimate nonsupportive boss."Adapted from Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.A study of 546 men in New Zealand who were identified as leukemia patients between 1979 and 1983 suggests that electrical workers are at increased risk of developing this cancer. Each man was matched with four other men from New Zealands cancer registry. The study found a significant excess of leukemias among those electrical workers who had been employed as electronic equipment assemblers (4 cases, where only 0.5 would have been expected) and radio and television repairers (7 cases, where only 1.5 would have been expected). The study was conducted by N. E. Pearce and his colleagues at the Department of Community Health, Wellington Clinical School, and National Health Statistics Centre in Wellington, New Zealand.In a second study, Washington State epidemiologist Samuel Milham, Jr., obtained the death certificates for 95 percent of the 296 deceased Washington members of the American Radio Relay League (amateur radio operators) and 86 percent of the 1,642 deceased California members. Twenty-four of the deaths were due to leukemia; 16 of these were of the myeloid classnearly triple the 5.7 deaths that would have been expected from this type of leukemia. Milham acknowledges that the difference might be attributable to chance but points out that three other studies have revealed a tendency toward a relative increase in the acute myelogenous type of leukemia in electrical workers.Adapted from Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.Each year in the United States, a surgical procedure known as extracranial-intracranial arterial (EC/IC) bypass is done on three thousand to five thousand people who have had, or are at risk of, stroke. The operation, in which an artery on the scalp is attached to an artery on the brain to bypass a partial or total blockage, costs about $15,000. In a new study, researchers from the University Hospital in London, Ontario, examined 1,377 people who had recently had strokes or had signs of impending strokes. They randomly assigned 714 to get standard medical care and 663 to get EC/IC bypasses. The group that had the surgery subsequently had a slightly higher rate of stroke and death than the control group, according to the study.Reported in the New England Journal of Medicine

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report."Exercise can temporarily disrupt a womans menstrual cycle, according to Boston University research published in the May 23 [1985] New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers monitored the daily hormone levels in 28 college women who did not exercise regularly and had a history of regular menstrual cycles. The women were then sent to summer camp and participated in a rigorous exercise programan initial 4-mile daily run, working up to 10 miles a day after five weeks, in addition to three and one-half hours daily of moderate sports such as biking or tennis. Only four, three of whom were on a high-calorie weight maintenance diet, had a normal menstrual cycle during that time. The researchers concluded that, regardless of whether the women lost weight, strenuous exercise disrupted their reproductive function. If very active women are having trouble getting pregnant, they probably should slow down intense exercise, says exercise physiologist Gary Skrinar of BU."Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.Does learning how to program a computer help first graders to think? Douglas H. Clements and Dominic F. Gullo of Kent State University randomly assigned eighteen first graders from a middle-class, Midwestern school system into two computer groups. The first group programmed an Apple II computer, using the computer language Logo, during two forty-minute sessions a week for twelve weeks. The other group received computer-based lessons in arithmetic and reading for the same time period. It was found that the children who programmed increased their scores on a creativity test in which they had to devise and draw pictures under time restraints and became better at identifying instances when they had not been given enough information to complete a simple task or understand how a magic trick is performed. However, a number of other tests provided no evidence that the programming experience can improve overall thinking abilities.The investigation was reported in the Journal of Educational Psychology.Adapted from Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.Tiffany Field, a psychologist at the University of Miami Medical School, believes that it is good for premature babies to be given short sessions of body stroking and limb movement. She and her fellow researchers studied forty premature babies in a transitional-care nursery. Although the infants were stable enough to be released from the intensive care unit and none needed extra oxygen or intravenous feedings, they had required an average of twenty days of intensive care, and the heaviest among them was under four pounds. Their average age at birth was thirty-one weeks. Half the group was randomly chosen to receive standardized touch and movement stimulation for three fifteen-minute periods per day over ten consecutive weekdays. Treated infants averaged a 47 percent greater weight gain per day, even though they had the same number of feedings and the same level of calorie intake as did the control babies. The stimulated group also was awake and physically active a greater percentage of the time. "Since the experimental kids were more active, their weight gain was not due to greater energy conservation," Field points out. Infants in the treatment group also outdistanced controls on a number of behavioral measures, and they were hospitalized on the average six days fewer than infants in the control group.Adapted from Bruce Bower, Science News

Q: A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.BOSTONAP, UPI reports (adapted). The constant bright lights of hospital nurseries, often two to four times as bright as normal office lighting, may contribute to the blinding of hundreds of premature babies each year, a recent study warns. Doctors kept track of the incidence of retinopathy, a disease of the retina, in two groups of premature babies. One group was kept in incubators covered with acetate that reduced the amount of light by 58 percent. The rest stayed in ordinary incubators. Among the smallest babies, the researchers found that twenty-one of thirty-nine (54 percent) in shielded incubators developed retinopathy, compared with eighteen of twenty-one (86 percent) of those exposed to the bright lights. Dr. Penny Glass, a developmental psychologist at Childrens Hospital National Medical Center and Georgetown University Medical Center, who directed the study, recommends that the light levels in hospital nurseries be brought down. "I feel that the increase in light levels has not been demonstrated safe," she said.