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Q:
DNA is a polymer of __________, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________.
A. amino acids; nucleotide
B. nucleic acids; nucleotide
C. nucleotides; nitrogenous base
D. nucleotides; nucleic acid
E. proteins; nucleotide
Q:
If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present?
A. 8%
B. 11%
C. 22%
D. 28%
E. 78%
Q:
Which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex?
A. Chromatin, carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, DNA
B. Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, chromatin, DNA
C. Chromatin, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, carbon
D. Carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin, DNA
E. Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin
Q:
A __________ is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called __________ with DNA wound around them.
A. nucleosome; centrosomes
B. nucleosome; histones
C. chromosome; histones
D. chromosome; centromeres
E. centromere; chromatin
Q:
DNA never migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to participate directly in protein synthesis.
Q:
The plasma membrane is permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________.
A. nutrients; wastes
B. proteins; nutrients
C. phosphates; wastes
D. nutrients; proteins
E. wastes; nutrients
Q:
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.
A. isotonic; 9%
B. isotonic; 0.9%
C. hypertonic; 9%
D. hypotonic; 0.9%
E. hypotonic; 9%
Q:
Which of these is an example of active transport?
A. Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
B. Facilitated diffusion of K+
C. Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient
D. Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
E. Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient
Q:
Which of these brings nonspecific material into a cell?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
C. Transcytosis
D. Pinocytosis
E. Exocytosis
Q:
Which of the following is not a membranous organelle?
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosome
C. Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
E. Golgi complex
Q:
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.
A. DNA
B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. microtubules
D. cilia
E. centrioles
Q:
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
A. Exocytosis
B. Active transport
C. Ciliary action
D. Protein synthesis
E. Osmosis
Q:
Naked DNA is called chromatin.
Q:
DNA is composed of double-ring nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is composed of single-ring nitrogenous bases.
Q:
A gene can be defined as an information-containing segment of RNA that codes for the production of a polypeptide.
Q:
Although all cells synthesize phospholipids, there are no genes for phospholipids.
Q:
The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________.
A. tonicity; osmolarity
B. osmolarity; diffusion
C. osmolarity; tonicity
D. osmolarity; molarity
E. tonicity; diffusion
Q:
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Simple diffusion
C. Filtration
D. Osmosis
E. Active transport
Q:
Which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?
A. Active transport
B. Exocytosis
C. Simple diffusion
D. An antiport system
E. Pinocytosis
Q:
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of __________.
A. phagocytosis
B. cotransport
C. pinocytosis
D. active transport
E. receptor-mediated endocytosis
Q:
The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.
A. selectively permeable
B. glycocalyx
C. phospholipid bilayer
D. specificity
E. carrier-mediated
Q:
Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.
A. peripheral proteins
B. channel proteins
C. glycoproteins
D. integral proteins
E. transmembrane proteins
Q:
A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________.
A. phosphoprotein
B. proteocalyx
C. glycoprotein
D. lipoprotein
E. phospholipid
Q:
The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.
A. proteoglycans
B. glycolipids
C. glycoproteins
D. phospholipids
E. lipoproteins
Q:
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.
A. receptors
B. pumps
C. cell-adhesion molecules
D. channels
E. cell-identity markers
Q:
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.
A. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B
B. the solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
C. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B
D. water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
E. neither the solute nor water will diffuse
Q:
_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
A. Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
B. Osmosis; hydrostatic pressure
C. Active transport; osmotic pressure
D. Active transport; hydrostatic pressure
E. Osmosis; osmotic pressure
Q:
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
A. osmosis; water pumps
B. osmosis; aquaporins
C. osmosis; uniport
D. filtration; aquaporins
E. filtration; water pumps
Q:
Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it's transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.
A. pinocytosis
B. receptor-mediated phagocytosis
C. passive transport
D. facilitated transport
E. transcytosis
Q:
Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________.
A. symport; cotransport
B. symport; countertransport
C. antiport; countertransport
D. antiport; cotransport
E. uniport; facilitated diffusion
Q:
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.
A. higher; swell
B. lower; swell
C. higher; shrink
D. lower; shrink
E. lower; burst
Q:
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
A. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient.
B. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient.
C. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP.
D. Neither require ATP to function.
E. Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
Q:
Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except __________.
A. chemical messengers
B. ligands
C. changes in electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane
D. physical deformation of the plasma membrane
E. water in the extracellular fluid
Q:
In the glycocalyx, __________ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells.
A. glycoproteins
B. lipoproteins
C. cholesterol molecules
D. phospholipids
E. cell-adhesion molecules
Q:
The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.
A. brush border
B. glycocalyx
C. cholesterol coat
D. phospholipid bilayer
E. cell-adhesion molecule
Q:
__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.
A. Cilia; microvilli; flagella
B. Microvilli; cilia; flagella
C. Microvilli; flagella; cilia
D. Flagella; microvilli; cilia
E. Flagella; cilia; microvilli
Q:
The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.
A. flagella
B. cilia
C. microvilli
D. a glycocalyx
E. dynein arms
Q:
The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________ in shape.
A. cuboidal
B. columnar
C. cylindrical
D. squamous
E. spherical
Q:
Although the transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of __________.
A. being able to produce photographs of the specimen
B. being able to work in a vacuum
C. being able to show individual molecules
D. producing higher resolution
E. working better with thinner tissue specimens
Q:
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________.
A. glycolipids
B. phospholipids
C. prostaglandins
D. proteins
E. cholesterol molecules
Q:
Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________.
A. receptors
B. enzymes
C. carriers
D. cell-identity markers
E. cell-adhesion molecules
Q:
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.
A. selectivity
B. specificity
C. efficacy
D. saturation
E. fidelity
Q:
In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called _________, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.
A. transmembrane proteins
B. peripheral proteins
C. kinases
D. glycocalyx
E. blockers
Q:
Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
A. hydrophilic; hydrophilic
B. hydrophilic; hydrophobic
C. hydrophobic; hydrophobic
D. hydrophobic; hydrophilic
E. lipophilic; lipophobic
Q:
Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA.
Q:
The Golgi complex makes peroxisomes, but not lysosomes.
Q:
A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion.
Q:
Which of the following statements is not a tenet of modern cell theory?
A. An organism's structure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of its cells.
B. All cells come only from preexisting cells.
C. All cells occupy space.
D. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
E. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
Q:
Cells were first discovered when a scientist named __________ observed cell walls in cork under a microscope.
A. Robert Hooke
B. Theodor Schwann
C. Louis Pastuer
D. Galen
E. Galileo
Q:
Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called __________ cells.
A. squamous
B. stellate
C. columnar
D. spheroid
E. fusiform
Q:
Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get?
A. A cell's lifespan
B. Nutrients available in the environment of a cell
C. The relationship between its volume and length
D. The relationship between its length and surface area
E. The relationship between its volume and surface area
Q:
The fluid outside of a cell is called __________.
A. cytosol
B. intracellular fluid
C. extracellular fluid
D. cytoplasm
E. nucleoplasm
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C. Plasma membrane
D. Interstitial fluid
Q:
One example of pinocytosis is the uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endothelial cells.
Q:
Both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a two layer membrane.
Q:
In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle.
Q:
Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?
A. Microfilaments
B. Microtubules
C. Cilia
D. Intermediate filaments
E. Terminal web
Q:
Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi complex
D. Mitochondrion
E. Nucleolus
Q:
Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?
A. Mitochondrion
B. Rough ER
C. Smooth ER
D. Golgi complex
E. Nucleolus
Q:
Which of the following is not considered an inclusion?
A. Lysosome
B. Fat droplet
C. Glycogen granule
D. Bacterium
E. Dust particle
Q:
Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ____________.
A. organelles
B. inclusions
C. microtubules
D. microfilaments
E. centrioles
Q:
The most important advantage of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) over the light microscope (LM) is its higher resolution.
Q:
If a cell doubled in diameter, it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain.
Q:
In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF.
Q:
A cell's second messengers serve to transport material through the plasma membrane.
Q:
Microvilli and cilia differ in their function, but have the same internal structure.
Q:
Ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical.
Q:
The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate.
Q:
The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier.
Q:
_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.
A. Lysosomes
B. Microvilli
C. Inclusions
D. Peroxisomes
E. Golgi vesicles
Q:
Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. The Golgi complex
D. The nucleus
E. Ribosomes
Q:
Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?
A. Cholesterol
B. The nucleus
C. The plasma membrane
D. The Golgi complex
E. The cytoskeleton
Q:
Minerals are found in all of the following except __________.
A. bones and teeth
B. vitamins
C. thyroid hormone
D. electrolytes
Q:
An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a(n) __________.
A. anion
B. cation
C. free radical
D. isotope
Q:
The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except _________.
A. weight per volume
B. percentage
C. molarity
D. pH
Q:
The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy.
A. kinetic
B. potential
C. elastic
D. radiant
Q:
Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
A. An increase in reactant concentration
B. An increase in product concentration
C. A decreased temperature
D. Enzyme inhibition
Q:
Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.
A. four
B. two
C. eight
D. six
Q:
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions.
A. hydrolysis
B. dehydration synthesis
C. anabolic
D. endergonic
Q:
Which of the following is not a nucleotide?
A. RNA
B. GTP
C. ATP
D. cAMP