Q&A Hero

Q: During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________. A. negative feedback B. positive feedback C. dynamic equilibrium D. integration control E. set point adjustment

Q: When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________. A. negative feedback B. positive feedback C. dynamic equilibrium D. integration control E. set point adjustment

Q: Which of the following is most likely to cause disease? A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. Homeostasis D. Equilibrium E. Irritability

Q: Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________. A. negative feedback B. positive feedback C. dynamic equilibrium D. integration control E. set point adjustment

Q: Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation? A. Age B. Gender C. Environment D. Physical activity E. These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Q: The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________. A. development; differentiation B. growth; development C. growth; differentiation D. differentiation; growth E. differentiation; development

Q: Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________. A. stimulus; integrating (control) center; organ system B. stimulus; receptor; integrating (control) center C. receptor; integrating (control) center; effector D. receptor; organ; organ system E. receptor; integrating (control) center; organ system

Q: Negative feedback loops are __________. A. homeostatic mechanisms B. not homeostatic mechanisms C. associated with "vicious circles" D. self-amplifying cycles E. usually harmful

Q: The prefix hypo- means _______________, whereas hyper- means _____________. A. front; back B. right; left C. inside; outside D. clear; dark E. below; above

Q: The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of __________. A. a Latin root used in medical terminology B. the use of prefixes to name an anatomical structure C. the use of suffixes to name an anatomical structure D. an eponym E. an acronym

Q: Hypercalcemia means _________. A. elevated calcium levels in blood B. lowered calcium levels in bone C. elevated sodium levels in blood D. elevated calcium levels in bone E. lowered calcium levels in the blood

Q: The plural of axilla (armpit) is ____________, whereas the plural of appendix is ___________. A. axillae; appendices B. axillides; appendages C. axillies; appendi D. axilli; appendices

Q: Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________. A. inhalation; exhalation B. growth; differentiation C. anabolism; catabolism D. positive; negative feedback E. responsiveness; movement

Q: A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to __________. A. their inability to regulate body temperature B. skeletal adaptations to bipedalism C. the arboreal habits of early primates D. the conditions of modern civilization E. the diet of early species of Homo

Q: The species of modern humans is called _________. A. Homo erectus B. Homo sapiens C. Homo habilis D. early Homo E. Australopithecus

Q: Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees. A. prehensile B. bipedal C. cursorial D. troglodytic E. arboreal

Q: An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell. A. organ system; organs B. organ system; organelles C. organ; organelles D. organ; molecules E. organelle; molecules

Q: Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? A. Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system B. Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle C. Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ D. Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle E. Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle

Q: Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? A. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell) B. Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach C. Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell) D. Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion E. Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion

Q: A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function. A. macromolecule B. organ system C. organelle D. organism E. tissue

Q: Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology. A. comparative B. evolutionary C. holistic D. inductive E. reductionist

Q: _______________ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts. A. Naturalism B. Reductionism C. Vitalism D. Holism E. Rationalism

Q: _____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. A. Naturalism B. Reductionism C. Holism D. Materialism E. Science

Q: The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms. A. cellular B. holistic C. physiological D. anatomical E. reductionist

Q: _________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive. A. Organ systems B. Organs C. Cells D. Organelles E. Molecules

Q: All of the following are human organ systems except ___________. A. skeletal B. endocrine C. epidermal D. reproductive E. lymphatic

Q: All of the following are organs except __________. A. teeth B. the skin C. nails D. the liver E. the digestive system

Q: Stereoscopic vision provides __________. A. opposable perception B. color perception C. depth perception D. bipedalism E. opposition of thumbs

Q: The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called __________. A. experimental design B. the deductive method C. the inductive method D. a hypothesis E. statistical testing

Q: Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of __________. A. hypothetical reasoning B. hypothetico-deductive reasoning C. the inductive method D. experimental design E. statistical analysis

Q: An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) __________. A. scientific method B. theory C. law D. hypothesis E. fact

Q: The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________. A. an adequate sample size B. objective and reliable results C. experimental bias D. psychosomatic effects E. treatment groups

Q: ______________ is a process that submits a scientist's ideas to the critical judgment of other specialists in the field before the research is funded or published. A. Adjudication B. Statistical testing C. Falsification D. Peer review E. Hypothetico-deductive testing

Q: Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge? A. A fact B. A law of nature C. A hypothesis D. An equation E. A theory

Q: The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________. A. cytology B. gross anatomy C. exploratory physiology D. comparative physiology E. radiology

Q: ________________ established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the "father of medicine." A. Aristotle B. Hippocrates C. Galen D. Vesalius E. Hooke

Q: A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) __________. A. controlled pill B. placebo C. treatment pill D. variable E. effective dose

Q: Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was the __________ group. A. peer B. test C. treatment D. control E. double-blind

Q: A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called __________. A. mutation B. natural selection C. selection pressure D. evolution E. adaptation

Q: The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of __________. A. a model B. evolution C. selection pressure D. survivorship E. success

Q: The principal theory of how evolution works is called __________. A. natural pressure B. selective pressure C. darwinian pressure D. natural adaptation E. natural selection

Q: Which of the following was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking? A. Hair B. Fully opposable thumbs C. Stereoscopic vision D. Color vision E. Spinal and pelvic anatomy

Q: Which of these is the best imaging technique for routinely examining the anatomical development of a fetus? A. Auscultation B. PET scan C. MRI D. Sonography E. Radiography

Q: The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that __________ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes. A. Hippocrates B. Plato C. Schwann D. Aristotle E. Avicenna

Q: Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past.

Q: The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology.

Q: Organs are made of tissues.

Q: A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle).

Q: Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things.

Q: Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance.

Q: Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body.

Q: Anatomists around the world adhere to a lexicon of standard international terms, which stipulates both Latin names and accepted English equivalents.

Q: Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________. A. palpation; auscultation B. auscultation; percussion C. percussion; auscultation D. palpation; percussion E. percussion; palpation

Q: Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body. A. Vesalius B. Maimonides C. Harvey D. Aristotle E. van Leeuwenhoek

Q: The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by __________. A. Hippocrates B. Aristotle C. Galen D. Vesalius E. Avicenna

Q: Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens.

Q: Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.

Q: All functions of the body can be interpreted as the effects of cellular activity.

Q: The hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy.

Q: An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory.

Q: The __________ system stores 99% of your calcium and is critical for blood cell formation. A. circulatory B. skeletal C. excretory D. muscular E. endocrine

Q: The __________ system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air, whereas the __________ system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. A. respiratory; urinary B. circulatory; digestive C. respiratory; digestive D. circulatory; urinary E. respiratory; circulatory

Q: The __________ system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. A. digestive B. urinary C. reproductive D. circulatory E. lymphatic

Q: The __________ system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. A. urinary B. respiratory C. digestive D. muscular E. circulatory

Q: The image of a typical chest X-ray shows a __________ view of the thoracic region. A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. oblique E. lateral

Q: Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called ___________. A. peritonitis B. pericarditis C. pleuritis D. meningitis E. arthritis

Q: Peritonitis, a life-threatening condition, can be caused by a _____________. A. head injury B. heart attack C. ruptured appendix D. punctured lung E. verterbral fracture

Q: Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning.

Q: Feeling for swollen lymph nodes is an example of auscultation.

Q: We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Q: The kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, and inferior vena cava are all __________. A. located within the peritoneal cavity B. retroperitoneal C. inside the visceral peritoneum D. within the pelvic cavity E. located within the thoracic cavity

Q: The continuation of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine and suspends it from the abdominal wall is called the __________. A. greater omentum B. mesentery C. mesocolon D. lesser omentum E. mediastinum

Q: The fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the small intestine is called the __________. A. greater omentum B. mesentery C. mesocolon D. lesser omentum E. mediastinum

Q: The __________ system provides protection, water retention, thermoregulation, and vitamin D production. A. lymphatic B. muscular C. skeletal D. integumentary E. digestive

Q: The thymus, spleen, and tonsils are principal organs of the __________ system. A. endocrine B. respiratory C. lymphatic D. circulatory E. muscular

Q: The __________ and __________ systems control and coordinate the 50 trillion cells in a human. A. muscular; nervous B. circulatory; lymphatic C. endocrine; nervous D. circulatory; endocrine E. muscular; skeletal

Q: The brain and spinal cord are protected by the _________. A. pleura B. pericardium C. peritoneum D. serosa E. meninges

Q: The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are each lined with ___________. A. an endothelium B. the pericardium C. the meninges D. a serous membrane E. a mucous membrane

Q: The left and right portions of the thoracic cavity are divided by the _________. A. mediastinum B. diaphragm C. serous membrane D. meninges E. peritoneum

Q: The __________ cavity contains the lungs, which are enfolded in the __________. A. thoracic; pleurae B. thoracic; pericardium C. thoracic; peritoneum D. abdominopelvic; peritoneum E. abdominopelvic; pleurae