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Philosophy
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
The new dean at Stratford Business School initiated many new policies after taking office. All of the new policies emphasized employee and customer satisfaction. After a conversation with the new dean, an associate dean remarked that since none of the policies of the old curriculum was among those initiated by the dean, the associate dean had to conclude, to his surprise, that none of the old curriculum policies emphasized employee and customer satisfaction.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
God, by definition, possesses all perfections. Existence, by definition, is a perfection. Therefore God, by definition, exists.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
From a letter to the editor: "Any project that gets taxpayers money ought to be one that the taxpayers get some sort of benefit from, dont you think? So if the Federal Aviation Authority is going to pour millions in public funds into automated flight centers at all privately owned airports, then justice can only be served by forcing those airports to begin offering services to the public as well as their current wealthy patrons."
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
In this country, nothing counts except success on the job. And since traditional womens work has not counted as a "job," such work has not been properly appreciated.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
Evergreen trees cant be hardwood, because they arent deciduous. Hardwood trees are all deciduous.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.Anything that might indicate an increased risk of heart attack should be taken very seriously by anyone over forty. So high levels of low-density lipids in the bloodstream ought to be taken seriously by such people, because they definitely are indicators of increased risk.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.Every vice president has an advantage over his opponent in a presidential election. Senator Junket is not a vice president, of course, so he cannot have an advantage in the coming election.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.Only people who have lost a job can appreciate the difficulties the loss can cause. Some of the people in this room have lost jobs in the past, so there are people in this room who can appreciate the resulting troubles.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.All the networks devoted considerable attention to reporting poll results during the last election, but many of those poll results were not especially newsworthy. So the networks have to admit that some unnewsworthy items received quite a bit of their attention.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Everybody who exhibits hubris is an arrogant person.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some early Christians were rationalists.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No coinsurance policies are policies that cover the full value of the property.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some Xs are Ys.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
All Xs are Ys.
Q:
Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No Xs are Ys.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"Not necessarily, Mr. Dalgliesh. Suppose its a double bluff. Suppose hes saying in effect, Look, I can prove I knew the Whistler was dead. Whoever killed Hilary Robarts didnt know. So why arent you looking for someone who hadnt been told that the Whistlers body had been found?" P. D. James, Devices and Desires
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"No country can vote for a man as President who aims to destroy the system he heads. Thats why we didnt support [Stipe] Mesic." Borisav Jovic, former president of Yugoslavia
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
Only those courses that are in the schedule will be offered. Among the courses that will not be offered is History 105, History of Europe. Therefore, History 105 is not in the schedule.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
Anyone who wants recordings of music that are faithful to the original will find that CDs cannot be surpassed; so, you, too, will find that CDs cannot be surpassed.
Q:
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism; then, determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
All legislatures are more influenced by the legal profession than by any other, but it is legislatures that make the rules by which the legal profession operates. So, the result is that the bodies that make the rules for the lawyers profession are bodies most influenced by that very profession.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. Not everybody who was indicted by the grand jury went to trial. b. Some of the people who did not go to trial are people who were not indicted by the grand jury.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. Not everybody who was indicted by the grand jury went to trial. b. Some of the people who did not go to trial are people who were not indicted by the grand jury.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. None of the clothes that were bought at Severns lasted very long. b. Some of the clothes that lasted a long time are clothes that were not bought at Severns.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. British comedies are always more sophisticated than American comedies. b. Some comedies that are no more sophisticated than American comedies come from Britain.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. Every editorial that Smathers has written has been one in which he attacks the city council. b. At least one of the editorials that has not attacked the city council was not written by Smathers.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. Some fish from the river have been found to contain toxic levels of trace minerals. b. No fish in which toxic levels of trace minerals have not been found have come from the river.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim. Translation into standard form may be required.a. Optical disks never wear out.b. Some disks other than optical disks do sometimes wear out.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.a. Some non-Xs are not Ys. b. No Xs are non-Ys.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.a. All Xs are non-Ys. b. Some Ys are Xs.
Q:
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.a. No Xs are non-Ys. b. Some Xs are Ys.
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?All transmissions without lockups in the torque converters are transmissions that overheat.(Contrapose, then obvert, then find the contrary.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?No people who made below C on the final are people who will make a good grade for the course.(Convert, then obvert, then find the contradictory.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?Some types of folk music are not examples of ethnic music.(Obvert, then convert, then find the contradictory.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?All public television stations are stations that require underwriters.(Contrapose, then find the contrary.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?No public television stations are stations that broadcast commercials.(Obvert, then convert, and then find the contradictory.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?All non-isolated computer systems are systems that are at risk from computer viruses.(Find the contrapositive, then find the contrary of the result.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?Some plutonium-contaminated soil storage areas in New Mexico are not areas that are isolated from drinking-water supplies.(Find the obverse, convert that, then find the subcontrary.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?No medical books are inexpensive books.(Convert, then find the contradictory.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?All people who win lotteries are people who get lots of mail.(Find the contrapositive, then convert.)
Q:
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth value of the claim you wind up with?
Some uninsured investments are risky deals.
(Convert this claim, then obvert the result.)
Q:
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine what, if anything, follows about the truth values of the other claims.
a. False: Some frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
b. All frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
c. No frozen dinners are nutritious meals.
d. Some frozen dinners are not nutritious meals.
Q:
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. False: No guppies are egg-layers.
b. All guppies are egg-layers.
c. Some guppies are egg-layers.
d. Some guppies are not egg-layers.
Q:
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. True: Some winters are dry seasons.
b. No winters are dry seasons.
c. All winters are dry seasons.
d. Some winters are not dry seasons.
Q:
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth values of the other claims.
a. True: All surprises are unpleasant events.
b. No surprises are unpleasant events.
c. Some surprises are unpleasant events.
d. Some surprises are not unpleasant events.
Q:
Which of the following are similar claims?
a. If you havent been tested, then you cannot give blood.
b. If you can give blood, then you havent been tested.
c. You can give blood only if youve been tested.
d. Nobody whos been tested cannot give blood.
e. Everybody who has not been tested cannot give blood.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: If its a gigantosaurus, then its bigger than a tyrannosaurus rex.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: All the people I know who are named "Brooke" have birthdays in December.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Nobody in middle school did better on the exam than Lauren.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Theres nobody here except me.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People cant register unless they pay the fee.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Richard Nixon was not impeached.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Angels arent real.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The only people who vote are members.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Mechanics make great lovers.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Wherever theres smoke, theres fire.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Many Democrats are conservative.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Few voters think critically.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Exceptional employees are always rewarded.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not every gambler is a criminal.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only athletes play in the National Basketball Association.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Mr. Ashcroft isnt at home.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The morning star is actually the evening star.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Lydia is the only person in our group who sold stock before the crash.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Theres nobody in the park except members of the Lucero family.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Except for members of the Lucero family, theres nobody in the park.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Tricias dog goes wherever she goes.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People duck whenever Richard picks up a golf club.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Whenever Tony plays the accordion, people leave.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People always duck when Richard picks up a golf club.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: People always leave when Tony plays the accordion.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only banks can be savings institutions.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are not the only savings institutions.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Banks are the only savings institutions.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all savings institutions are banks.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Its not only chemical-free products that are organic.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products are not the only organic products.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Only organic products are chemical-free products.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Chemical-free products are the only organic products.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: The only organic products are chemical-free products.
Q:
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not every product thats organic is actually a chemical-free product.