Q&A Hero

Q: Tristram Engelhardt Jr. believes that we may actually have a moral duty not to treat impaired newborns if such treatment would only prolong a painful life or lead to a painful deat.

Q: ohn Robertson believes that the high personal and societal costs of treating impaired newborns are sufficient reason to withhold treatment from such newborns.

Q: Liao, Salvulescu, and Sheehan argue that the surgical removal of the uterus in a case like Ashleys is not justified.

Q: In The Ashley Treatment, Ashleys parents claim that they had Ashleys uterus removed to prevent menstrual cramps.

Q: Ethical theories rooted in identity politics draw a bright line between persons and non-persons.

Q: Kant believed that it would be wrong to will our own deaths.

Q: Utilitarians do not consider killing impaired infants to be wrong in itself.

Q: The natural law position holds that only fully functioning newborns can be considered human persons.

Q: Amniocentesis carries no risks and is considered a routine procedure.

Q: There is currently a cure for Down syndrome.

Q: Congenital impairments are inherited and can be passed on.

Q: Dr. Eduard Verhagen supports a policy allowing physicians to euthanize infants under certain condition such as when suffering from hopeless and severe impairments leading only to a life of agonizing pain.

Q: Patrick Lee believes that human beings are only instrumentally valuable.

Q: Patrick Lee believes that a complete human organism is a person.

Q: Mary Ann Warren argues that there is a difference between being a genetic human and a moral human.

Q: Mary Ann Warren argues that women should have an unrestricted legal right to an abortion.

Q: Judith Jarvis Thomsons violinist case is analogous to pregnancy with voluntary intercourse absent contraception.

Q: Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that abortion should always be permissible under any and all circumstances.

Q: Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that a fetus cannot be given the moral status of a person and therefore abortion is permissible.

Q: John T. Noonan argues that we can judge abortion morally wrong only under Christian tenets and as such we should not be able to impose restrictions on abortions.

Q: The only barrier to a consensus on when an embryo is a person is a lack of scientific knowledge about when this change takes place.

Q: The Partial-Birth Abortion controversy is fueled by misinformation.

Q: Between 50% and 80% of fertilized human ova fail to implant in the uterine lining.

Q: Some abortion activists hold that a fertilized ovum has full moral personhood status.

Q: Some opponents of abortion hold that anyone taking Plan B drugs is always engaged in an active moral wrong.

Q: After the Courts Roe v. Wade decision, the issue of abortion was settled and there have been no further moral or legal challenges to the status of a womans right to have an abortion.

Q: According to the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision, states cannot impose any regulation on abortions.

Q: Elizabeth Anderson endorses the view that surrogacy contracts are expressions of female altruism.

Q: lizabeth Anderson believes that the introduction of market values into the realm of human reproduction has the effect of harming children and degrading women.

Q: Steinbock believes that if a practice is risky, foolish, or morally distasteful, then there is more than sufficient reason for it to be banned.

Q: Carson Strong argues that human reproductive cloning is ethically wrong in each and every instance that we can think of.

Q: Leon Kass believes that the repugnance that many people feel about human cloning itself shows that it is morally wrong.

Q: Gillian Hanscombe believes that lesbians should not be given access to reproductive technologies to help them produce children.

Q: George Annas argues that the right to rear a child you have borne is a right of privacy.

Q: Joel Feinberg believes that children have an interest in being brought into existence.

Q: Pregnancy is risky, and so surrogacy contracts are always exploitative.

Q: Some critics charge that surrogacy is a form of prostitution.

Q: Some critics of ART charge that it commodifies human life.

Q: Proponents of assisted reproduction must show that people have a right to use it for it to be morally acceptable.

Q: One concern that has been raised about cloning is that it could be used to produce copies of whole individuals.

Q: Which principle is informed consent most clearly grounded on? a) The principle of autonomy b) The effort principle c) The contribution principle d) None of these choices

Q: The principle of need is an extension of which principle? a) The principle of nonmaleficence b) The principle of beneficence c) The principle of equal distribution d) The difference principle

Q: Which principle is most closely associated with the Hippocratic directive to help? a) The difference principle b) The principle of double effect c) The totality principle d) The principle of beneficence

Q: Which view would hold that a three month old fetus was a person? a) Utilitarianism b) Roman Catholic Natural Law ethics c) Kantian ethics d) Rawlss ethics

Q: Which principle holds that cosmetic surgery is morally right only when it is required to maintain or ensure the normal functioning of the rest of the body? a) The difference principle. b) The principle of double effect. c) The totality principle. d) The principle of beneficence.

Q: Whose view implies that everyone is entitled to healthcare? a) Ross's b) Rawls's c) Kant's d) Nussbaum's

Q: Who would hold that public money spent on the allocation of medical resources could be spent unequally, provided that this inequality worked to the benefit of the least well-off? a) Ross b) Rawls c) Kant d) Nussbaum

Q: According to Kant, what sort of duty does a physician have to accept someone as a patient? a) A perfect duty b) A rational duty c) A duty of beneficence d) An imperfect duty

Q: What, according to utilitarianism, is intrinsically valuable? a) Happiness b) Acting from duty c) Acting in accordance with duty d) Autonomy

Q: According to Kant, if I donate a kidney because I wish to be praised for my generosity, my action can be described in which of the following ways? a) My action has no inner moral worth. b) My action is in accordance with duty. c) My action is not performed from duty. d) All of these choices

Q: According to Kant, happiness is a) the supreme principle of morality. b) not a good at all. c) a conditional good. d) a categorical imperative.

Q: The view that physicians should always tell the truth to their patients as to do otherwise would be to fail to respect their autonomy would be best justified by a) utilitarianism. b) Rosss view of prima facie duties. c) Rawlss moral view. d) Kantian ethics.

Q: Many critics of utilitarianism argue that it cannot make room for considerations of a) commensurability. b) preferences. c) justice. d) rules.

Q: Which principle is also called the greatest happiness principle? a) The principle of utility b) The principle of double effect c) The pleasure principle d) The paternalist principle

Q: Who endorses utilitarianism? a) Ross b) Rawls c) Kant d) Mill

Q: Whose ethical system was grounded in the idea of autonomous control over ones body? a) Singers b) Kants c) Grodins d) Mills.

Q: Many newer approaches to bioethical issues are a) principalistic. b) objectivist. c) pluralistic. d) relativist.

Q: In some African cultures competent patients can delegate their informed consent to which of the following? a) Community leaders b) Parents c) Siblings d) All of these choices

Q: What position holds that there is a set of universal values that have application everywhere? a) Relativism b) Principalism c) Objectivism d) Multiculturalism

Q: The term used to describe a culture that is shaped by different subcultural and foreign influences is a) diverse b) cosmopolitan c) relativistc d) multicultural

Q: Defenders of globalized clinical trials argue which of the following? a) They made some of their subjects better off. b) They made none of their subjects worse off. c) They will lead to medical advances that will benefit the broader population. d) All of these choices

Q: What response is given to the claim that patients vote with their dollars? a) Biomedical markets are a poor guide to social value. b) Bioethics is not a political issue. c) Voting and purchasing are from separate spheres of justice. d) This claim only makes sense in a national context.

Q: What medical specialties are paid the least? a) Dermatologists and infectious disease specialists. b) Dermatologists and family medicine specialists. c) Infectious disease and family medicine specialists. d) Cardiologists and family medicine specialists.

Q: Which of the following are First World Problems? a) Cancer b) Hypertension c) Heart disease d) All of these choices

Q: The drowning child scenario questions a) whether we can ever really make a difference. b) whether making a difference can be justifiably limited to ones own nation. c) whether we have any obligation to make a difference in the lives of the poor. d) whether we have an obligation outside our own nation.

Q: Who developed the example of the drowning baby in the wading pool? a) Singer b) Mill c) Rawls d) Ross

Q: The term for a bioethical responsibility that stretches beyond the ties of kinship or shared citizenship is a) cosmopolitan. b) diverse. c) totalitarian. d) contractarian.

Q: Many disagreements over global health issues involve questions of a) what the scientific causes of climate change are. b) fairness and disparity. c) malaria and dysentery. d) who is responsible for carbon emissions.

Q: If something is anthropogenic it is generated by a) bacteria. b) viruses. c) climate. d) humans.

Q: Climate change is having a significant effect on human health as a result of which of the following factors? a) heat b) drought c) extreme weather patterns d) all of these choices

Q: Powell and Stein point to evidence that indicates that sexual orientation is likely to be a product of a) genetics only. b) environment only. c) both genetics and environment. d) either genetics or environment, but not both.

Q: What presumption should research always begin with, according to Patricia A. King? a) That, with respect to disease, black persons and white persons are biologically distinct b) That, with respect to disease, black persons and white persons are biologically identical c) That, with respect to research, examination of diseases that affect primarily black persons should be favored over those that affect primarily white persons d) That, with respect to research, examination of diseases should be racially colorblind

Q: According to Minkoff and Paltrow, granting more extensive rights to the unborn than are held by born individuals comes at the expense of which value? a) Autonomy b) Informed consent c) Justice d) All of these choices

Q: What is the term for the tendency to approach men as the paradigmatic model of the human species? a) Cisgendering b) Transgendering c) Heterocentrism d) Androcentrism

Q: One of the foundational ideas behind a more genuinely pluralistic and egalitarian society, as elaborated by thinkers ranging from Thomas Jefferson to Martin Luther King, Jr., is that the recognition of human dignity, autonomy, and vulnerability should depend a) on nature and culture both. b) not on the accidents of birth or biology but on our commonalities as persons or citizens in a moral community. c) not on stereotypes but on individual merit. d) not on cultural identities but on social values.

Q: On the social model of disability what constitutes a handicap? a) An atypical or abnormal feature of the body or brain b) A specific incapacity c) The social disadvantages faced by persons who are physically unusual d) All of these choices

Q: On the social model of disability what constitutes an impairment? a) An atypical or abnormal feature of the body or brain b) A specific incapacity c) The social disadvantages faced by persons who are physically unusual d) All of these choices

Q: What conception of disability is premised on the idea that there is a universal standard of functioning for human beings? a) The social concept of disability b) The medical concept of disability c) The pragmatic concept of disability d) The pluralistic concept of disability

Q: The use of race as a social construct is what Michael Montoya calls a) pragmatic. b) descriptive. c) attributive. d) definitive.

Q: The reason for which few scientists advocate abandoning the use of racial terminology in research and clinical practice is which of the following? a) Most diseases have a genetic component that is race-linked. b) Categories of race have a profound impact on peoples lives and health. c) African Americans have been systematically discriminated against and this situation needs to be addressed by leaving out the use of racial terminology. d) All of these choices.