Q&A Hero

Q: Richard Coopers research on hypertension rates suggests which of the following? a) Race should be used as a medical proxy. b) Hypertension rates are genetically based. c) The racial gap in rates of hypertension in the United States is the result of environmental factors. d) All of these choices

Q: How much human genetic variation occurs within traditional categories of race? a) 25% b) 45% c) 65% d) 85%

Q: What surface trait did traditional notions of race take to be indicative of underlying genetic differences? a) Skin color b) Facial features c) Hair texture d) All of these choices

Q: A society that embraces diverse ways of being and living is often called a) egalitarian. b) free. c) pluralistic. d) equalitarian.

Q: What value was invoked as an evolving ideal by both Martin Luther King, Jr., and Abraham Lincoln? a) Paternalism b) Equality c) Autonomy d) Freedom

Q: Geyman believes that the Affordable Care Act has effected some positive changes by doing what? a) The Affordable Care Act has effected some positive changes by restraining healthcare spending. b) The Affordable Care Act has effected some positive changes by making insurance genuinely affordable. c) The Affordable Care Act has effected some positive changes by improving the quality of care. d) The Affordable Care Act has effected some positive changes by reducing the ranks of the uninsured.

Q: What approach to healthcare does Avik Roy favor? a) A socialized approach. b) A single-payer approach. c) A market-based approach. d) A monopolistic approach.

Q: According to Avik Roy, single-payer government insurance programs a) are financially unsustainable. b) amount to immoral infringements on economic liberty. c) are financially unsustainable and amount to immoral infringements on economic liberty. d) amount to market-oriented policies.

Q: What do Hall and Lord believe the Affordable Care Act's central achievement has been? a) They believe that the Affordable Care Act's central achievement has been to ration reimbursement for care. b) They believe that the Affordable Care Act's central achievement has been to eliminate policies and costs that had rendered millions of Americans uninsurable. c) They believe that the Affordable Care Act's central achievement has been to tell physicians how to practice medicine. d) They believe that the Affordable Care Act's central achievement has been to render the insurance industry unprofitable.

Q: Which of the following is true of Kai Nielsens view? a) He believes everyone should receive the same quality of health care irrespective of the ability to pay. b) He believes health care should be taken out of the private sector. c) He favors removing the profit motives for being a doctor. d) All of these choices

Q: Which of the following describes the result of the wide institution of managed care plans in 1994? a) It slowed spending but costs continued to grow. b) It slowed spending and costs started to decreased. c) It hurried spending and costs started to decreased. d) It hurried spending and costs started to rapidly increase.

Q: What principle does Daniels argue should govern the distribution of healthcare in a just society? a) The difference principle b) The principle of fair equality of opportunity c) The egalitarian principle d) The first come, first served principle

Q: According to Kai Nielsen, what type of medical system is justified? a) A single-tier system b) A two-tier system c) A three-tier system d) Any type of tiered system

Q: According to Kai Nielsen, what other value must be instantiated in society if we really value autonomy? a) Privacy b) Safety c) Healthcare d) Equality

Q: Which of the following types of rights entails a definable duty with the availability of formal remedies if the duty is not performed? a) a moral right b) a health care right c) a legal right d) a human right

Q: Which of the following types of rights always entails a duty on the part of someone else? a) a claim-right b) a health care right c) a statutory right d) a moral right

Q: The costs of medical care are high in the United States because of a) drug costs. b) the lack of price negotiations. c) advances in costly technology. d) all of these choices.

Q: The Affordable Care Act has established a) pandemic insurability. b) universal insurability. c) selective insurability. d) regressive insurability.

Q: Prior to the application of the Affordable Care Act, what was the most common reason cited by Americans for not getting medical insurance? a) They could not afford the premiums. b) They did not believe that they needed it. c) They were covered by Medicaid. d) They were covered by Medicare.

Q: What is the free rider problem in healthcare? a) The poor do not pay for their healthcare, but instead rely on the requirement that hospitals stabilize everyone who comes to an emergency room with a medical problem. b) The poor use emergency rooms as their primary care providers, and that is more costly than other ways of securing medical care. c) Hospitals are not allowed to charge people below the poverty line for ambulance services, so these are overused. d) Young people do not get insurance until later in life when they are more likely to get sick or injured, and take advantage of the premiums paid by others who have been in the system all along.

Q: According to Emanuel and Wertheimer rationing is a) unjust b) egalitarian c) inescapable d) never justified.

Q: The Life Cycle Principle is inherently a) egalitarian. b) utilitarian. c) Kantian. d) unjust.

Q: Which allocation principle would give priority to 6 month olds over 1 year olds when allocating vaccines during an epidemic? a) Life Cycle Principle b) Pandemic Principle c) Save Most Lives Principle d) Fairness Principle

Q: The present system of organ procurement by voluntary donation in the United States is often referred to by which of the following terms? a) presumed consent b) altruistic donation c) living donors d) informed consent

Q: The view that each person should have the opportunity to live through each stage of life is termed a a) Pandemic Principle b) Save Most Lives Principle c) Fairness Principle d) Life Cycle Principle

Q: According to Emanuel and Wertheimer, when a vaccine cannot be provided for everyone, which group should be given the vaccine first? a) producers, distributors and administrator of the vaccine b) mothers and young children c) the President, his family and members of Congress d) none of the above

Q: Taking such factors as education, age, and record of accomplishment when allocating societys limited goods is generally referred to as what type of argument? a) Best Person b) Categorical Imperative c) Social Calculus d) Social Worth

Q: Which of the following moral theories holds that when allocating limited supplies of goods, such as donor organs, considerations such as talent, intelligence, age, and social worth are morally irrelevant? a) Utilitarian b) Kantian c) Paternalism d) Rawlsian

Q: Annas argued that a charity approach to organ procurement was demeaning based on what rationale? a) A charity approach to organ procurement is much worse than the market approach and thus, unlike the latter, is intolerable. b) A charity approach to organ procurement puts a very low value on both individual rights and equality and fairness. c) Requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding amounts to rationing by financial ability and thus to believing that a price can be placed on human life. d) Requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding makes such persons beholden to those who fund their medical procedures.

Q: Decisions that control the supply itselffor example, what proportion of the federal budget will be spent on medical careare generally referred to by what term? a) macroallocation b) microallocation c) Medicaid d) Dialysis

Q: Phadke and Anandh argue for the view that the medical profession should reject commercial organ procurement on what grounds? a) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor. b) Commercial organ procurement commercializes the body. c) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor, commercializes the body, and undercuts human dignity. d) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor and undercuts human dignity.

Q: Appel argued that death row inmates should be allowed to be candidates for kidney transplants because of which of the following? a) If a death row inmate were wrongly convicted, denying him a transplant would result in the irreversible suffering of an innocent person. b) It would be wrong for a medical decision to lower a death row inmate's quality of life while he is waiting for execution. c) A death row inmate's life expectancy should not be considered relevant to a transplant decision. d) all of these choices

Q: Which principle allows the unequal allocation of resources provided that it benefits the least advantaged members of society? a) The macroallocation principle b) The principle of double effect c) The difference principle d) The equity principle

Q: A microallocation decision a) directly impacts classes of persons. b) directly impacts individuals. c) indirectly affects populations in different ways. d) is concerned with low-value goods.

Q: Which policy or organ procurement is based on the view that the donor has tacitly consented to donate an organ? a) presumed consent b) altruistic donation c) organ markets d) mandated choice

Q: What reason or reasons lead to Ken Dukes heart transplant sparking a controversy? a) Ken Duke was a prisoner at the time of the transplant. b) The state of California ended up paying the estimated $1 million cost of the transplant. c) If the transplant had not been done, Ken Duke's estate could have sued the state. d) all of these choices

Q: What makes it wrong, according to Singer, to kill any being? a) Killing ends the possibility that the being can experience whatever further good life holds. b) Killing evinces a lack of respect for the beings autonomy. c) Killing is against the Biblical injunction not to kill. d) Killing violates the Hippocratic Oath.

Q: Rachels argues that a) killing and letting die are morally distinct. b) killing is always morally worse than letting die. c) letting die is always morally worse than killing. d) the moral significance of the distinction between killing and letting die should be challenged.

Q: The principle of double effect makes it morally acceptable to a) euthanize patients who request it, provided that the procedure is done with the consent of two physicians. b) euthanize patients who request it, provided that the procedure is handled by two physicians, each of whom administers a less than lethal dose of medication. c) give medication to relieve pain, even if this could be foreseen to lead to death. d) give medication to relieve pain with the double intent of causing death.

Q: Living wills a) only apply to patients with terminal illnesses. b) only apply to patients who are permanently unconscious. c) only apply to patients with terminal illnesses, or who are unconscious. d) only apply to patients who have identified proxy decision-makers.

Q: Death is defined as the point when an individual ceases to be a person under which of the following notions of death? a) whole-brain b) traditional c) higher-brain d) personhood

Q: Death is defined as the permanent loss of consciousness under which of the following notions of death? a) higher-brain b) whole-brain c) traditional d) personhood

Q: Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all brain functions under which of the following notions of death? a) higher-brain b) traditional c) whole-brain d) personhood

Q: Death is defined as the permanent cessation of breathing and heart beat under which of the following notions of death? a) traditional b) whole-brain c) higher-brain d) personhood

Q: Which of the following terms refers to cases in which the decision about death is not made by the person who is to die because she/he has failed to give consent or instructions and the decision is then left to family, friends, or physicians? a) involuntary euthanasia b) nonvoluntary euthanasia c) voluntary euthanasia d) advance directive

Q: Which of the following terms refers to cases in which someone ends the life of another contrary to that persons wish (i.e., the individual not only fails to give consent but expresses the desire not to be killed)? a) involuntary euthanasia b) voluntary euthanasia c) nonvoluntary euthanasia d) advance directive

Q: Which of the following terms refers to cases in which a person requests that her life be ended, either directly or by refusing treatment? a) involuntary euthanasia b) voluntary euthanasia c) nonvoluntary euthanasia d) advance directive

Q: Passive euthanasia can be classified as which of the following? a) a passive act of not taking steps to prolong life b) a deliberate act via a definite action that results in killing someone (including oneself) c) injecting a patient with a lethal overdose of narcotics to end his/her suffering d) all of these choices

Q: Active euthanasia can be classified as which of the following? a) a passive act of not taking steps to prolong life b) withdrawing the feeding tube of a person in a persistent vegetative state c) a deliberate act via a definite action that results in killing someone (including oneself) d) all of these choices

Q: The term euthanasia comes from the Greek term for a a) painless death. b) good death. c) unnatural death. d) immoral death.

Q: Which of the following characterizes a person in a persistent vegetative state? a) the cerebral hemispheres are damaged or dysfunctional b) she/he is able to breathe and excrete on their own c) her/his eyelids may blink and the eyes may move but only reflexively d) all of these choices

Q: Who wrote of the legal concept of wrongful life? a) Liao b) Engelhardt c) Tooley d) Robertson

Q: Who argues that it is reasonable to speak of a duty not to treat an impaired infant under certain conditions? a) Liao b) Engelhardt c) Tooley d) Robertson

Q: Who rejects the argument that the cost of treating newborns outweighs the benefits? a) Liao b) Robertson c) Sheehan d) Tooley

Q: Who defends a conservative natural law position? a) Liao b) Robertson c) Sheehan d) Tooley

Q: Who argues that infants are not persons? a) Liao b) Robertson c) Sheehan d) Tooley

Q: Liao, Savulescu, and Sheehan argue that a) Growth attenuation in disabled children is never morally permissible. b) Growth attenuation in some disabled children is morally acceptable. c) The surgical removal of breast buds in impaired children is morally permissible. d) The surgical removal of the uterus in an impaired child is morally permissible.

Q: What does the Ashley Treatment involve? a) Surgery to remove the uterus b) Surgery to remove breast buds c) Hormone injections to attenuate growth d) All of these choices

Q: Which of the following are required by the Groningen Protocol for actively euthanizing impaired infants? a) The diagnosis and prognosis must be certain. b) The infant must be experiencing hopeless and unbearable suffering. c) At least one independent physician must confirm that the conditions are met. d) All of these choices

Q: Which moral view holds that it is morally wrong to will our own death, as this involves a self-defeating maxim? a) Utilitarianism b) Rawlss theory c) Kantian ethics d) Natural law

Q: Which moral view could hold that, although we have a prima facie duty to save the life of an impaired infant, our actual duty is to allow him to die? a) Utilitarianism b) Rawlss theory c) Rosss theory d) None of these choices

Q: Which moral view would deny that a lack of rational autonomy justifies depriving impaired infants of a chance to claim life, bodily integrity, and social affiliation? a) Utilitarianism b) Rawlss theory c) Natural law d) The capabilities approach

Q: Which moral view holds that even the most impaired newborn is a human person? a) Utilitarianism b) Rosss theory c) Rawlss theory d) Natural law

Q: Which of the following terms describes an impairment in a child that occurs during the development process and that is not caused by a defect in a gene or any genetic damage? a) congenital error b) genetic error c) Hallopeau-Siemens disorder d) Down syndrome

Q: Which moral view might support the position that the costs of saving an impaired infant would outweigh the benefits of doing this, and so the infant should not be saved? a) Kantian ethics b) Rosss theory c) Utilitarianism d) Rawlss theory

Q: Why do some neonatologists consider making extraordinary efforts to resuscitate low birth weight infants to be an unacceptable option? a) The infants never survive. b) Such efforts are very costly. c) Such efforts are illegal. d) The outcomes of such efforts are likely to be grim.

Q: Who used the example of a person trapped in a tiny house with a growing child? a) Marquis b) Warren c) Thomson d) Lee and George

Q: According to Judith Jarvis Thompson, which of the following is or are true? a) Women have a moral right to an abortion under all circumstances. b) If there is a conflict between a fetuss right to life and a mothers right to life, the fetuss right outweighs the mother's. c) If the reason for an abortion is trivial, the abortion is not legitimate d) If there is a conflict between a fetus's right to life and a mother's right to life, the fetus's right only outweighs that of the mother after a certain period in the womb.

Q: Don Marquis believes that which of the following is morally wrong because it deprives a person of the value of his/her future? a) abortion b) contraception c) both abortion and contraception d) emergency contraception

Q: Mary Anne Warren offers which of the following traits as essential for the concept of personhood or humanity in the moral sense? a) consciousness and the capacity to feel pain b) reasoning skills and the ability to solve problems c) self-motivated activity d) all of these choices

Q: Thomson believes that the right to life a) is held only by adults. b) is held only after the first trimester. c) is not absolute. d) is absolute.

Q: What is Thomsons violinist example supposed to be analogous to? a) Involuntary pregnancy b) Voluntary pregnancy c) Partial birth abortion d) Therapeutic abortion to save the mothers life

Q: What problem does J. J. Thomson set aside? a) The problem of fetal personhood b) The problem of partial birth abortion c) The problem of unintended consequences d) The problem that there is no constitutional right to privacy

Q: According to Mary Ann Warren, which of the following is or are true? a) For a being to have a moral right to life it is sufficient that the being have the DNA of a human. b) The fact that a fetus physically resembles a human being at a certain stage is not sufficient grounds for saying the fetus has a moral right to life at that stage. c) A woman has a right to abort a fetus up to the point of viabilitythe point at which the fetus could survive outside the wombbut not beyond that point. d) All of these choices

Q: In what ways does Plan B work to prevent pregnancy? a) It delays or prevents ovulation. b) It inhibits fertilization. c) It prevents a fertilized egg from implanting itself in the uterine wall d) It delays or prevents ovulation or inhibits fertilization.

Q: The Supreme Court case Doe v. Bolton opened the way for a) partial-birth abortions. b) abortion clinics. c) therapeutic abortion. d) elective abortion.

Q: Which of the following was illegal in almost all the states prior to the Roe v. Wade decision? a) nontherapeutic abortions only b) therapeutic abortions only c) both nontherapeutic and therapeutic abortions d) neither of these were illegal

Q: Which of the following terms describes an abortion that is required to save the life, or is essential to preserving the health, of the mother? a) therapeutic abortion b) voluntary abortion c) selective reduction d) partial birth abortion

Q: The Roe v. Wade decision was based on the constitutionally protected right to: a) abortion. b) privacy. c) liberty. d) life.

Q: The Roe v. Wade decision had which of the following effects? a) It held that during the first trimester, states cannot restrict a womans right to an abortion. b) It held that during the second trimester, states may place restrictions on abortion to protect the health and safety of the pregnant women. c) It held that during the third trimester, states may restrict abortion but only in ways that still preserve the health and safety of the pregnant woman. d) All of these choices