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Q:
discuss the adverse side effects of frequent aspirin use.
Q:
why are the elderly especially vulnerable to adverse drug-nutrient interactions?
Q:
explain the effects of aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation.
Q:
illustrate ways in which single people can maximize thriftiness and nutritional value in their selection of foods.
Q:
using the acronym determine, list the risk factors for malnutrition in older adults.
Q:
compare and contrast the features of congregate meals and meals on wheels.
Q:
how does excessive alcohol intake affect the elderly, and how do they respond to treatment?
Q:
list strategies for improving the food buying habits of the elderly.
Q:
discuss the relationship between nutrition and alzheimers disease.
Q:
describe the physiologic and biochemical changes that occur in the brain of the person with alzheimers disease.
Q:
list 5 common signs of dementia, and define senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Q:
discuss changes in brain neuron levels with aging and factors that protect brain function.
Q:
define the condition known as gout and discuss dietary interventions.
Q:
explain the relationship between diet and arthritis treatment.
Q:
discuss the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of cataracts and macular degeneration.
Q:
how does atrophic gastritis interfere with nutritional status in the elderly?
Q:
discuss the importance of vitamin d and calcium in the elderly. how can the elderly increase their intakes of these nutrients?
Q:
list the factors that increase the risk for vitamin b12 and iron deficiency in older adults.
Q:
list nutrients of special consideration for older adults and present reasons why these nutrients are of concern.
Q:
why might elderly people have insufficient intakes of energy, protein, and fiber? what suggestions can be made to improve their intakes?
Q:
discuss how psychological, social, and economic factors affect nutritional status of the elderly.
Q:
discuss the role of tooth loss and gum disease in maintenance of nutritional status.
Q:
define sarcopenia and describe risk factors and treatment.
Q:
describe the interrelationships among immunity, inflammation, and disease.
Q:
give several reasons for the decline in nutritional status consequent to aging.
Q:
describe aging-induced physiological changes in body composition, immunity, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Q:
compare and contrast the response to stress between men and women.
Q:
describe the effects of energy restriction on longevity of animals and people.
Q:
discuss the roles of fitness and stress in the aging process and longevity.
Q:
how do the elderly respond to strength training?
Q:
compare and contrast the meaning of a persons physiological age versus chronological age.
Q:
list six major lifestyle behaviors thought to promote long-term health.
Q:
describe the effects of physical inactivity in the elderly.
Q:
matching 1>number of people per 100 in the u.s. population who are at least 65 years old 2>dietary restriction of this extends lifespan in animals 3>loss of muscle mass 4>percentage of people over age 60 with atrophic gastritis 5>term that describes difficulty swallowing 6>a condition characterized, in part, by an inflamed stomach and abundant bacteria 7>lack of this substance is a symptom of atrophic gastritis 8>stomach bacterial utilization of this nutrient increases risk for deficiency 9>compounds of nitrogen-containing bases such as adenine, guanine, and caffeine 10>percent decline per decade in energy needs from age 50 and on 11>low intake of milk by elderly people contributes to deficiency of this nutrient 12>thickening of the eye lenses that occurs with aging 13>type of arthritis resulting in deterioration of joint cartilage 14>nutrient that may reduce inflammation of rheumatoid arthritic joints 15>type of arthritis involving a defective immune system 16>percentage of u.s. adults age 85 years and older with alzheimers disease 17>substance that is essential to the memory process 18>substance found in the brains of people with alzheimers disease 19>intake of this substance along with milk reduces calcium absorption 20>intake of this substance interferes with utilization of many cardiovascular and central nervous system drugs a.5 b.13 c.33 d.50 e.energy f.cataracts g.vitamin d h.dysphagia i.beta-amyloid j.sarcopenia k.purines l.vitamin b12 m.tetracycline n.acetylcholine o.osteoarthritis p.grapefruit juice q.atrophic gastritis r.hydrochloric acid s.omega-3 fatty acids t.rheumatoid arthritis
Q:
what ingredient commonly used as a sweetener in liquid medicines often causes diarrhea? a.sorbitol b.maltose c.saccharin d.aspartame
Q:
which of the following foods in particular must be restricted in the diet of a person taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug? a.soybeans b.aged cheeses c.acid-forming foods d.cruciferous vegetables
Q:
your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that the doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. you inform your father that a.these vegetables significantly reduce absorption of the drug b.these vegetables significantly increase absorption of the drug c.variable intake of green leafy vegetables will affect activity of monoamine oxidase inhibitors d.inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug
Q:
which of the following is a feature of warfarin use and vitamin k utilization? a.warfarin blocks vitamin k absorption b.orange juice intake interferes with warfarins effects on vitamin k c.dietary vitamin k intake determines the amount of warfarin prescribed d.the tyramine content of aged meats interferes with binding of vitamin k to warfarin
Q:
what is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice? a.a metallic taste in the mouth appears b.blood concentrations of the drugs increase c.the bioavailability of the drugs falls substantially d.the bioflavonoids in the juice bind to the drugs and promote formation of uric acid crystals
Q:
which of the following drugs has a chemical structure similar to folate? a.tyramine b.coumadin c.tamoxifen d.methotrexate
Q:
regular use of antacids is known to interfere significantly with absorption of all of the following except a.iron b.biotin c.folate d.vitamin b12
Q:
what nutrient is known to interfere significantly with the utilization of the antibiotic tetracycline? a.epa b.zinc c.calcium d.vitamin b12
Q:
a major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and corticosteroids is a.anemia b.chronic constipation c.substantial weight gain d.insomnia, loose stool, and acid reflux.
Q:
what is the primary action of the medication megestrol acetate? a.it relieves depression b.it promotes weight loss c.it promotes weight gain d.it lowers blood pressure
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of aspirin use? a.it acts as a pro-clotting agent b.it should not be taken before surgery c.it works faster when taken on an empty stomach d.it irritates the stomach lining, especially on an empty stomach
Q:
what are the known consequences of taking a single two-tablet dose of aspirin? a.it inhibits monoamine oxidase activity b.it doubles the bleeding time of wounds c.it increases production of prostaglandins that enhance fever d.it is excreted very rapidly in people taking vitamin c supplements
Q:
how does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain? a.it acts as a sedative and barbiturate b.it promotes wound healing and blood clotting c.it interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins d.it binds to nerve receptors involved in pain perception
Q:
what fraction of all prescription drugs sold in the united states is taken by people over 65 years of age? a.1/10 b.1/5 c.1/3 d.1/2
Q:
what is the average number of prescription medicines taken each year by people over 65 years? a.3 b.5 c.13 d.20
Q:
which of the following would be the most effective substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone? a.uht milk b.low-cost expired milk c.calcium carbonate tablets d.greens with highly bio available calcium
Q:
which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers markets and roadside stands? a.senior farmers market nutrition program b.food security for the disadvantaged elderly c.old age and survivors health benefits program d.elderly nutrition and maintenance food co-op
Q:
rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound. she cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby. which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that rose is obtaining adequate nutrition? a.suggest she attend congregate meals b.sign her up for the meals on wheels program c.suggest that rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need d.have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to rose
Q:
a principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to meals on wheels is that a.the cost of administering congregate meals is lower b.there are more social benefits to congregate meals c.nutritional benefits are greater with congregate meals d.more meals per week are served with congregate meals
Q:
which of the following is not among the features of the meals on wheels program? a.it is administered by volunteers b.it operates at least 5 days a week c.it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals d.the only qualification to receive benefits is achieving the age of 60 years
Q:
what is a congregate meal? a.a meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center b.a meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the dietary recommended intakes c.a meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse population groups d.a meal provided through the nutrition screening initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations
Q:
which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people? a.the quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995 b.older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people c.people over 65 are less likely to diet to lose weight than are younger people d.most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health
Q:
goals of the older americans act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following except a.transportation services b.high-cost nutritious meals c.opportunity for social interactions d.counseling and referral to other social services
Q:
what is the main reason for dieting in the elderly? a.to economize when food prices increase b.to improve appearance among their peers c.to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose d.to reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of alzheimers disease? a.it affects 95% of those over 80 years of age b.it is responsive to dietary choline supplementation c.it is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number d.it is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain
Q:
which of the following is not among the factors known to be related to the appearance of alzheimers disease? a.an increase in free radicals b.an increase in beta-amyloid c.a decrease in acetylcholine synthesis d.a decrease in homocysteine synthesis
Q:
approximately what percentage of u.s. adults are affected by alzheimers disease after age 65? a.0.5 b.5 c.12 d.33
Q:
which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles? a.oxidative stress b.excess acetylcholine c.dietary deficiency of choline d.low blood levels of homocysteine
Q:
which of the following is not a common feature of gout? a.it affects mostly men b.it is a form of arthritis c.it results from uric acid crystals in the joints d.it is treated by reducing intake of milk products
Q:
which of the following is descriptive of most older people? a.mentally lucid b.unhappy and unhealthy c.dependent on caregivers d.strong desire to remain isolated
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol use in the elderly? a.binge drinking is about 5 times more common in men than women b.the prevalence of regular intake of alcohol is twice as great in women than men c.treatment for alcohol abuse in the elderly of both sexes is less effective than for young adults d.excessive use impairs memory and cognition in ways much different than for standard age-related dementia
Q:
what is thought to be the most important nutrition concern for people with alzheimer's disease? a.maintenance of appropriate body weight b.ensuring adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and dha c.monitoring intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability d.treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles
Q:
what is the chief risk factor for alzheimer's disease? a.age b.gender c.low antioxidant intake d.body weight after age 70
Q:
what disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines? a.gout b.dysphagia c.sarcopenia d.senile dementia
Q:
which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation? a.high in simple sugars, low in canned fruit b.high in animal protein, low in canned fruit c.low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid d.low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids
Q:
which of the following is not among the features of arthritis? a.the immune system is directly involved in rheumatoid arthritis b.weight loss improves the pain in the hands from osteoarthritis c.weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis d.supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin may reduce the pain of arthritis
Q:
which of the following foods seems to relieve rheumatoid arthritis in some people? a.milk b.olive oil c.iodized salt d.refined cereals
Q:
what organ is affected by macular degeneration? a.bone b.eyes c.liver d.kidneys
Q:
what nutrients appear to help prevent cataract formation? a.iron and calcium b.chromium and zinc c.vitamin b12 and folate d.vitamin c and vitamin e
Q:
which of the following is not among the features of osteoarthritis? a.high bmi is a risk factor b.nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility c.it is the most common type of arthritis that disables older people d.weight loss improves the symptoms in the hands as well as the weight-bearing joints
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of age-related macular degeneration? a.it is the leading cause of vision loss in older people b.risk factors include sunlight-induced oxidative stress c.dietary omega-3 fatty acids from fish may be protective d.therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods
Q:
jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes. they rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence. to reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents, jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet except a.maintaining a healthy body weight b.eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids c.eating a variety of foods that contain vitamins c and e d.getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes
Q:
what are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly? a.retinitis b.keratoids c.cataracts d.rhodolipids
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of nutrition and cataract formation? a.obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts b.adequate intakes of biotin and inositol seem to delay the onset of cataract formation c.nutrition is known to play little, if any, role in the onset or progression of cataracts d.vitamin c supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts
Q:
which of the following is a feature of zinc nutrition in the elderly? a.zinc intake is insufficient in older people b.excess zinc from supplements blunts the taste buds c.zinc deficiency stimulates the appetite for high-fat foods d.most medications affect zinc excretion but not absorption
Q:
a condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is a.lack of intrinsic factor b.loss of iron due to menopause c.blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures d.poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids