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Q:
which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults? a.zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group b.iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity c.calcium intakes of females are near the rda for this group d.calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the committee on dietary reference intakes
Q:
which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly? a.the dri is 800-1000 mg b.calcium intakes are well below recommendations c.calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility d.calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives
Q:
to prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective except a.eating more legumes b.drinking more water c.increasing physical activity d.taking vitamin b12 injections
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin d nutrition in the elderly? a.most elderly receive near-rda amounts of the vitamin b.aging reduces the kidneys ability to convert vitamin d to its active form c.the rda for vitamin d in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys d.most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors
Q:
which of the following is a research finding on vitamin d nutrition in the elderly? a.self-synthesis capacity is high b.the skins capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced c.the presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin d.symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acuity
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of vitamin b12 nutrition in older people? a.the rda is the same as for younger adults b.older adults are advised to obtain most of their vitamin b12 from fortified foods and supplements c.up to 30% of those over 50 years of age are at risk of vitamin b12 deficiency due to atrophic gastritis d.the dri committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin b12
Q:
john is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months. his doctor suspects that john is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin b12. what is wrong with this suggestion? a.people missing intrinsic factor cannot digest foods containing vitamin b12 and will develop diarrhea b.intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin b12 and eating more foods containing it would have no effect on johns health c.it is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are associated with the numbness that john is experiencing d.because john has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin b12 from natural sources and would need a vitamin b12-fortified food or supplement
Q:
vitamin b12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from a.intestinal bacterial overgrowth b.insufficient intake of vitamin b12 c.reduced output of intrinsic factor d.reduced output of hydrochloric acid
Q:
marie is an 80-year-old woman with a bmi of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration. she lives alone, her diet is very high in desserts and sweets, and she only drinks diet colas. on morning hospital rounds, the attending physician asks the group of interns what they recommend for the patient. with which intern should you disagree? a.intern a: try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable bmi b.intern b: try to incorporate soft fruits and cooked vegetables into the diet c.intern c: try to avoid sodas that contain caffeine as they may contribute to dehydration d.intern d: try to drink at least 6 glasses of water a day (or the equivalent in fruit juices)
Q:
what is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults? a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10
Q:
which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism? a.they do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth b.they have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults c.they show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements d.they frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation
Q:
which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people? a.they vary according to individual histories b.they remain the same as in young adult life c.they increase; therefore, supplementation is required d.they decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition
Q:
approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old? a.2 b.10 c.20 d.30
Q:
approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old? a.1-2 b.2-4 c.4-8 d.8-16
Q:
a person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her a.skin b.colon c.mouth d.stomach
Q:
what is the highest age group recognized in the dietary reference intakes? a.40 years and over b.50 years and over c.65 years and over d.71 years and older
Q:
the evidence from studies to date shows that nutritional interventions designed to relieve depression a.may or may not be effective b.are mildly effective c.are moderately effective d.are greatly effective
Q:
what fraction of eligible seniors participate in the snap? a.1/3 b.1/2 c.3/4 d.9/10
Q:
a person who is edentulous has a.no teeth b.low immunity c.difficulty swallowing d.diminished muscle mass
Q:
atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except a.inflamed stomach mucosa b.lack of hydrochloric acid c.abundant bacteria in the stomach d.insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly? a.people without teeth have low intakes of fiber and vitamins b.properly-fitted dentures are less effective than natural teeth c.people without teeth commonly consume fewer fruits and vegetables d.the consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health
Q:
a person with dysphagia has a.no teeth b.low immunity c.difficulty swallowing d.diminished muscle mass
Q:
mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight. after assessing all symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic. all of the following are symptoms associated with this condition except a.bacterial overgrowth b.acid reflux c.impaired digestion d.stomach pain
Q:
which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged? a.inflammaging b.dysphagic cell mass c.sarcopenic undermining d.endentulous-induced wasting
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system? a.immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise b.in the united states, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly c.immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition d.antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems
Q:
what is sarcopenia? a.loss of central visual activity b.loss of muscle mass and strength c.aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach d.intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives
Q:
the association between overweight and health risks disappears by age a.45 b.55 c.65 d.75
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of body weight and older people? a.a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia b.being overweight at age 75 does not reduce longevity c.being moderately overweight may not carry health risks d.a low body weight may be more detrimental than a high one
Q:
which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women? a.womens general reactions to stress are different than those of men b.the ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men c.the secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men d.psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women
Q:
which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals? a.reduced oxidative stress b.increased metabolic rate c.enhanced lipid oxidation d.accelerated growth and development
Q:
in people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage? a.30 b.40 c.50 d.60
Q:
people who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years? a.3 b.6 c.9 d.12
Q:
what minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids? a.10% b.25% c.40% d.50%
Q:
which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity? a.improvements in longevity with energy restriction depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat b.restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity c.biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third d.the activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets
Q:
which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats? a.restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects b.energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats c.energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature d.restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of the life span
Q:
what is the most important predictor of a persons mobility in the later years? a.bmi b.alcohol use c.chronological age d.regular physical activity
Q:
studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to all of the following except a.weight control b.nutritional balance of meals c.short periods of sleep d.no or moderate alcohol intake
Q:
what would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter? a.25 years b.50 years c.70 years d.125 years
Q:
approximately what percentage of a persons life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior? a.0 b.25 c.50 d.75
Q:
approximately what percentage of a persons life expectancy is under control of her genes? a.0 b.25 c.50 d.75
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress? a.men often follow a pattern of tend-and-befriend b.women usually engage in the fight-or-flight response c.older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress d.common psychological stressors in older people include alcohol abuse and smoking
Q:
longevity is defined as a.long duration of life b.a persons age in years from date of birth c.maximum number of years of life attainable by a species d.average number of years lived by people in a given society
Q:
once a person reaches the age of 70 years, about how many more years of survival would be expected? a.5 b.10 c.15 d.20
Q:
approximately how many years is the maximum human life span? a.75 b.100 c.115 d.130
Q:
what is the life expectancy of white males and females in the united states? a.62 (males), 68 years (females) b.76 (males), 81 years (females) c.82 (males), 86 years (females) d.87 (males), 90 years (females)
Q:
what was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900? a.47 years b.55 years c.61 years d.68 years
Q:
what is the life expectancy of black males and females in the united states? a.71 (males), 77 years (females) b.78 (males), 85 years (females) c.85 (males), 89 years (females) d.90 (males), 93 years (females)
Q:
what is the fastest-growing age group in the united states? a.21-30 years b.35-50 years c.over 65 years d.over 85 years
Q:
approximately what fraction of the u.s. population is at least 65 years old? a.1/100 b.1/30 c.1/8 d.1/3
Q:
list dietary guidelines for fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol for children older than age 2.
Q:
describe relationships among obesity, hypertension, and blood cholesterol in children and adolescents.
Q:
describe the development of arterial plaque from birth to the sixth decade of life.
Q:
describe the role of genetics in the risk for type 2 diabetes and heart disease in children.
Q:
ist factors that encourage the early development of type 2 diabetes in children.
Q:
what is meant when certain factors are described as playing a determining role versus a permissive role in the risk for diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders?
Q:
discuss the role of peer pressure in shaping food preferences of adolescents.
Q:
describe common eating patterns of teenagers and suggest appropriate changes to foster better eating habits.
Q:
discuss the importance of adolescents eating meals at home. what nutrient intakes are typically lower in adolescents who miss breakfast?
Q:
describe the importance of calcium intake during adolescence. do most adolescents meet their calcium needs?
Q:
discuss differences in iron needs among adolescent males and females.
Q:
what accounts for the increased need for iron in male and female adolescents?
Q:
discuss factors that undermine positive nutrition influences at school.
Q:
list the academy of nutrition and dietetics nutrition standards for meal plans for child-care programs.
Q:
list two healthful snacks from each of the food groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and protein foods.
Q:
what steps can parents take to help ensure that children consume healthful snacks?
Q:
discuss the importance of food color, flavor, and temperature in relation to food preferences in children.
Q:
what are the criteria for selecting surgery for treatment of obesity in adolescents?
Q:
describe the psychological development of children who become overweight.
Q:
describe the difference in physical traits of obese children as compared with their normal-weight peers.
Q:
discuss the contribution of television exposure and video games to obesity in children.
Q:
discuss the effects of obesity in childhood. what steps can be taken to prevent and to treat this condition?
Q:
what is anaphylactic shock? list 6 symptoms of impending anaphylactic shock and describe the immediate treatment for this reaction.
Q:
discuss the effects of food allergies and food intolerances on nutritional status.
Q:
explain how food allergies are diagnosed. if there is a positive diagnosis, what is the treatment?
Q:
differentiate between a person who has an asymptomatic allergy and one with a symptomatic allergy.
Q:
list possible reasons for the increase in the incidence of peanut allergy.
Q:
what is the relationship between nutrition and hyperactivity in children?
Q:
describe the physical and mental effects of lead exposure on children.
Q:
give examples of how hunger and nutrient deficiencies affect behavior in children.
Q:
compare and contrast the characteristics of hair, eyes, teeth, and gums in healthy and malnourished children.