Philosophy

Q: why is excess protein consumption by infants especially harmful? list the signs of protein overload in infants. how can protein overload be prevented?

Q: compare the heart rate, respiration rate, and energy needs of infants with those of adults.

Q: describe the growth curve of infants from birth to 1 year. compare the energy needs of this age group with those of adults.

Q: matching 1>expected weight at one year, in pounds, of an infant with a birthweight of seven pounds 2>typical daily energy need, in kcalories per kg body weight, of an infant 3>essential fatty acid in breast milk 4>chief protein in human breast milk 5>chief protein in cows milk 6>nutrient that is low in human milk but adequate in infant formulas 7>pre-milk substance from the breast, containing antibodies 8>substance in breast milk that promotes growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines 9>substance in breast milk that deprives intestinal bacteria of iron 10>a breast milk protein that fights virus-induced diarrhea 11>process whereby breast milk is gradually replaced by formula or semi-solid foods 12>low content of this nutrient makes goats milk inappropriate for infants 13>typical energy source in infant soy formulas 14>possible source of infant botulism 15>deficiency of this nutrient in children causes symptoms similar to mild lead toxicity 16>approximate percentage of young children diagnosed with food allergies 17>substance given to prevent anaphylactic shock in people with food allergies 18>percent chance of becoming an obese adult for an obese teen with one obese parent 19>period in life when an individual becomes physically capable of reproduction 20>percentage of high school students who are smokers a.4-8 b.16 c.21 d.80 e.100 f.iron g.casein h.folate i.honey j.sucrose k.puberty l.linoleic m.weaning n.vitamin d o.colostrum p.lactoferrin q.lactadherin r.epinephrine s.bifidus factors t.alpha-lactalbumin

Q: which of the following is not among the dietary recommendation for children? a.children ages 4-18 years should consume at least 25% fat energy b.children with high blood cholesterol should be treated first with statin drugs c.children ages 1-2 years who are obese should consume reduced-fat milk rather than whole milk d.children ages 1-2 years need an amount of fat to support their growth that is much higher than 25% fat energy

Q: which of the following is not a characteristic of physically active children and blood lipids? a.they tend to grow into physically active adults, and vice versa b.they weigh less and also smoke less than their less active peers c.they show a healthier blood lipid profile than their less active peers d.they exhibit different changes in blood lipids as a result of activity than do adults

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics of blood cholesterol in children? a.acceptable total cholesterol levels are up to 240 mg/d b.cholesterol levels at birth are similar in all populations c.childhood obesity and high cholesterol levels show a strong association d.children with high cholesterol levels usually have parents with high cholesterol levels

Q: the association of cholesterol to the health of children is described by all of the following except a.cholesterol intake should be limited beginning at 2 years of age b.blood cholesterol levels in children are good predictors of their adult levels c.there appears to be only a very weak correlation between obesity in children and their blood cholesterol levels d.serum cholesterol is higher in children viewing television for 2 hours per day compared with more active individuals

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics in the development of atherosclerosis? a.fatty streaks may begin to form within the first 10 years of life b.once plaque is formed, it can be contained but cannot regress c.it is possible for people to age with little arterial plaque formation d.heart disease rates due to atherosclerosis rise most dramatically at around age 45 in males and 55 in females

Q: about how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? a.3 b.7 c.14 d.21

Q: approximately what fraction of an average teenagers daily energy intake is derived from snacks? a.1/4 b.1/3 c.1/2 d.2/3

Q: what is considered to be the minimum pharmacologically active dose of caffeine? a.5 mg (~1/10 a can of soda) b.100 mg (~2 cans of soda) c.200 mg (~4 cans of soda) d.500 mg (~10 cans of soda)

Q: which of the following is a feature of beverage intake in adolescents? a.juice intake is spread throughout the day b.milk intake occurs primarily between meals c.males typically drink less milk than females d.four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to alter behavior

Q: which of the following is not among characteristics of adolescents food intakes? a.the consumption of milk and fruit juices occurs primarily at breakfast b.eating dinner more often with families reduces the likelihood of smoking, drinking, and drug use c.eating with families results in higher intake of fruits and calcium-dense foods than eating few family meals d.eating breakfast results in higher overall daily intakes of protein and fat but unchanged intakes of iron and zinc compared with breakfast skippers

Q: what percentage of adolescents have calcium intakes that meet recommendations? a.10-30 b.35-50 c.55-65 d.70-90

Q: adolescent women may fail to reach peak bone mass for all of the following reasons except a.their intakes of milk decline during their growth spurts b.lactose intolerance begins to intensify during the teenage years c.the requirements for calcium are relatively high during this life stage d.their low physical activity levels provide little stimulus for enhancing bone mass and calcium retention

Q: what is menarche? a.a females time of first menstruation b.the adolescent growth spurt in males c.the adolescent growth spurt in females d.a borderline anemia state in adolescents

Q: a local high school has just added milk to the vending machines. parents were very supportive of this change; however, not all the students believe this is useful. you have a few minutes to speak to the student body, and your talk should a.emphasize that the milk will be priced lower than the other beverages b.mention that the other beverages like soda have co2, which increases the risk for heartburn c.point out that milk is a good source of calcium, which is required for teens during peak bone growth d.explain how milk contains important nutrients that lower the risk for anemia, especially in teenage girls

Q: which of the following is not among the features of the iron rda for adolescents? a.the rda for 13-year-old males and females is about the same b.the rda increases during the growth spurt for both males and females c.iron intakes often do not meet increasing needs for growth for males and females d.the frequency of iron deficiency is similar among males and females of the same age

Q: what is the approximate weight gain (lbs) during the adolescent growth spurt? a.5-10 b.15-25 c.35-45 d.55-75

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period? a.obesity occurs more often in african-american females b.appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs c.more nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development d.the risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks

Q: what is the approximate duration of the adolescent growth spurt? a.6 months b.1 year c.2 1/2 years d.6 years

Q: the adolescent growth spurt a.affects the brain primarily b.decreases total nutrient needs c.affects every organ except the brain d.begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys

Q: how do competing influences undermine healthful food intake and food selection at schools? a.by discouraging participation in the usda-sponsored school lunch program b.by encouraging students to bring unhealthful lunches to school c.by promoting short lunch periods and long waiting lines in the cafeteria d.by offering cheaper but less nutritious meals to low-income students who qualify for reduced-price school lunches

Q: one factor that has limited the success of the school breakfast program is that a.the cost is prohibitive b.the meals are not nutritious c.children simply do not participate in it d.fewer than 10% of the nation's schools participate in it

Q: which of the following is a feature of public school food programs? a.they must follow the dietary guidelines for americans b.they allow for low-fat menus while still meeting the needs for iron c.they ensure a lunch period long enough to consume the entire meal d.they are overwhelmingly preferred over the foods obtained by students through on-site vending machines and snack bars

Q: what minimum fraction of the rda for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches? a.1/8 b.1/4 c.1/3 d.1/2

Q: the single most effective way to teach nutrition to children is by a.example b.punishment c.singling out only hazardous nutrition practices for attention d.explaining the importance of eating new foods as a prerequisite for dessert

Q: when children are allowed to eat freely from a variety of foods, they usually select foods that are high in a.iron b.fiber c.sugar d.protein

Q: if a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to a.send the child to his/her room b.withhold dessert until all food on the plate is eaten c.quietly remove it and present it again at another time d.encourage other family members to coax the child to eat it

Q: which of the following is not among the recommended methods for introducing new foods to children? a.offer foods one at a time b.offer foods in small amounts c.create a pleasant eating atmosphere d.present new foods at the end of the meal

Q: which of the following is not among features of snacking in children? a.snacking should be prevented b.sweet snacks are preferred to bland ones c.snacks should be as nutritious as regular meal foods d.children select healthier snacks when their parents are watching

Q: which of the following is not among common food preferences in children? a.hot foods are preferred to warm ones b.smooth foods are preferred to lumpy ones c.raw vegetables are preferred to cooked ones d.green and yellow vegetables are often rejected

Q: even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. how should wise parents react? a.be patient and persistent b.impose their own eating habits on the children c.wait until the children start school to initiate changes d.exert continuous pressure to initiate good food habits

Q: which of the following practices is not among the recommendations to help children develop an interest in vegetables? a.serve vegetables warm, not hot b.serve vegetables separately on the plate c.serve vegetables undercooked and crunchy d.serve vegetables with the promise that after they are eaten, dessert will follow

Q: which of the following steps should be undertaken by the parent or guardian to ensure that young people eat well? a.control the availability of food b.control the consumption of food c.prohibit eating except at mealtime d.provide an emotional climate that discourages snacking

Q: who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children? a.school nurse b.parents/caregivers c.health-care professional d.school physical education instructor

Q: why is it recommended that overweight children not follow a low-kcalorie diet? a.it can lead to a lowering of self-esteem b.childrens school performance can deteriorate c.most children are unable to learn new food habits d.diet restriction can interfere with growth and development

Q: why is parental treatment of obese children so unsuccessful? a.once excess fat is stored, it is difficult to lose b.children are known to rebel against their parents c.parents believe that their children will simply outgrow it d.parents are known to actively resist the recommendations of pediatricians

Q: which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? a.encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table b.institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate c.engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity d.take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by limiting food intake and exercising vigorously

Q: to lower the risk of obesity in children, which of the following practices should parents institute for their children? a.serve them smaller portions b.serve them 3 meals a day without dessert c.teach them to take appropriate food portions d.serve them more beverages and less solid food

Q: mike is a 10-year-old inactive child who weighs 150 pounds. he has come to your practice with his parents for help losing weight. what advice should be given to the parents? a.reduce his energy intake by 50 kcalories per day b.reduce his energy intake by 100 kcalories per day c.encourage a weight loss goal of 5 lbs per month d.maintain weight and do not encourage weight loss during growth and development

Q: which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children? a.hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet b.the adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day c.television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect childrens food preferences d.because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to control their intake of cola beverages

Q: what is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children? a.obesity b.high sodium intake c.insufficient calcium intake d.insufficient potassium intake

Q: what is the most likely explanation for the increased prevalence of obesity in children over the past 30 years? a.they eat more snacks b.they sleep more hours c.they consume more sugar and fat d.they eat more and are less active physically

Q: which of the following two conditions are associated with televisions influence? a.obesity and high blood lipids b.anorexia and nutrient deficiencies c.drug abuse and teenage pregnancy d.hyperactivity and lower body weight

Q: which of the following is not among the typical growth characteristics of overweight children? a.they begin puberty earlier b.they can achieve a normal appearance after losing excess fat c.they develop greater bone and muscle mass in response to carrying the extra weight d.they grow taller than their normal-weight peers at first, but then stop growing at a shorter height

Q: all of the following describe influences of television and video gaming on nutrition except a.children who have a television in their bedrooms are more likely to be overweight than those who do not b.the viewing of television and playing of video games requires the expenditure of no more energy than basal metabolism c.children who watch television for 4 or more hours per day are least likely to eat fruits and vegetables and most likely to be obese d.children are exposed to thousands of tv commercials each year but their requests for advertised foods are heeded by their parents only one-fourth of the time

Q: to help improve a childs bmi, the american academy of pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day? a.2 b.4 c.6 d.8

Q: five cans of soft drinks provide approximately how many kcalories? a.25 b.125 c.415 d.750

Q: the typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar? a.1 b.3 c.7 d.10

Q: what population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school? a.teenage boys b.teenage girls c.pre-teen boys d.pre-teen girls

Q: according to the american academy of pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age? a.0 b.1 c.2 d.3

Q: what are the odds that an overweight 18 year old with only one obese parent will become an obese adult? a.1 in 5 b.2 in 5 c.3 in 5 d.4 in 5

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood? a.the typical obese child does not learn food behaviors from his family b.a nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood c.an obese adolescent with one obese parent has virtually a 100% chance of becoming obese in adulthood d.the typical obese child today has approximately the same energy intake as did children 30 years ago

Q: approximately what percentage of u.s. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight? a.4 b.8 c.16 d.32

Q: people who show adverse reactions to foods such as increased pulse rate, nausea, and hives, but do not show antibodies to the offending foods, are displaying a.food intolerances b.delayed allergies c.subclinical allergies d.undiagnosed food toxicities

Q: if a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided? a.milk b.diglycerides c.peanut butter d.textured vegetable protein

Q: a child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milks a.casein b.lactose c.medium-chain fats d.bovine growth hormone

Q: which of the following is not among the features of food allergies? a.they can be diagnosed only by testing for antibodies b.allergic reactions to food may appear immediately or 24 hours later c.the presence of antibodies always coincides with physical symptoms d.once a food allergy is diagnosed, it is imperative that the offending food be totally eliminated

Q: a child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of a.cortisone b.serotonin c.epinephrine d.acetylcholine

Q: a life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as a.anaphylactic shock b.hyperhistamine response c.hyporespiratory syndrome d.wheezing food intolerance

Q: what food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people? a.eggs b.peanuts c.shellfish d.cows milk

Q: which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock? a.eggs, peanuts, and milk b.bananas, juice, and cola c.apples, noodles, and rice d.pears, oatmeal, and chocolate

Q: you have just started work as a summer camp counselor and completed a training session for all the new employees on safety. counselors were instructed to prohibit campers from eating peanut butter and jelly sandwiches anywhere other than the cafeteria. you believe that the most likely explanation for this rule is to a.prevent food poisoning b.help keep the facilities clean c.minimize jelly exposure for campers with jelly allergies d.minimize peanut exposure for campers with peanut allergies

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy? a.it always elicits symptoms in the person b.it always involves the production of antibodies c.it always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food d.it is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules

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