Q&A Hero

Q: an adverse reaction to food that does not signal the body to form antibodies is termed a a.food allergy b.food intolerance c.mild food challenge d.transient food episode

Q: a child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a a.food allergy b.food intolerance c.specific inducible episode d.transient immune suppression

Q: what is thought to account, in part, for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy? a.excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts b.roasting peanuts at very high temperatures makes them more allergenic c.impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels d.increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids

Q: what is the term given to the child who is hyperactive with severe and impulsive behavior? a.food hypersensitivity b.fetal alcohol syndrome c.caffeine hypersensitivity d.attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics of hyperactivity in children? a.it impairs learning ability b.the cause remains unknown c.it is managed, in part, by prescribing medications when necessary d.in many cases, it responds favorably to dietary manipulations such as limiting sugar intake

Q: what percentage of young school aged children exhibit hyperactivity? a.3% b.9% c.20% d.25-35%

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of lead exposure and health? a.absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach b.lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty c.lead-induced anemia is similar to the anemia of vitamin b12 deficiency d.the symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet

Q: which of the following is not among the common signs of mild lead toxicity? a.diarrhea b.lethargy c.dermatitis d.irritability

Q: which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition and behavior in children? a.iron-deficient children respond better to liquid preparations of fe+3 than to tablets of fe+2 b.children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants perform poorly even after iron status improves c.iron supplements can reverse the symptoms and restore normal behavior in children suffering from mild lead toxicity d.the childs brain is not as responsive to iron as is the adult brain, which accounts for the more severe effects of deprivation

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children? a.it affects brain function before anemia sets in b.it rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk c.it is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome d.mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span

Q: which of the following is not among the features of iron nutrition in children? a.anemia makes children more disruptive b.general symptoms of iron deficiency are similar to those of mild lead toxicity c.the brain appears to be less sensitive to iron deficiency than the rest of the body d.children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants do not show normal school performance even after iron status has improved

Q: jenny is a 13-year-old hare krishna who follows a vegan diet due to religious beliefs. she has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests and has been very upset about it. the teacher reports to jennys mom that she does not appear focused during lessons and cant seem to concentrate on her school work. which of the following may provide a likely explanation? a.the diet doesnt provide enough energy for her to stay alert b.the diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she many be anemic c.the diet contains insufficient calcium and protein, which impairs intellectual performance d.the high fiber content of a vegan diet that promotes stool formation increases the urge to evacuate, which interferes with her ability to concentrate

Q: which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast? a.breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on iq tests than those who eat breakfast b.attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia c.breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt and show almost identical achievements d.breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia

Q: which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children? a.it provides an opportunity to learn about nutrition b.it meets federally mandated school nutrition guidelines c.it provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function d.it helps decrease the symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 5% of school-age children

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children? a.children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch b.the nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days c.children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not d.although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected

Q: which of the following was a finding of the feeding infants and toddlers study? a.most toddlers but not infants consumed insufficient intakes of sodium b.the most popular food among these population groups was baked potatoes c.most infants but not toddlers demonstrated food intake patterns consistent with myplate recommendations d.about one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits or vegetables daily

Q: which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood? a.very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind b.total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3 year old than a 12 year old c.iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in canada but not the united states due to fortification d.children who fail to consume vitamin d-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 10 micrograms

Q: which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among u.s. and canadian children? a.iron b.protein c.calcium d.vitamin c

Q: a reasonable daily fiber intake for a 5 year old would be a.2 g b.5 g c.25 g d.45 g

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children? a.the recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g b.there is an rda for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age c.low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients d.fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate

Q: how much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need vs. a 1 year old? a.25% b.50% c.150% d.200%

Q: approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain? a.400 b.800 c.1600 d.2400

Q: which of the following is true regarding energy metabolism of the preschool child? a.food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal b.overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals c.energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age d.a 1 year old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age

Q: what should be the parents response when a one-year-old child wants to clumsily spoon-feed himself? a.punish the child b.let the child eat with his fingers instead c.let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn d.gently take the spoon back and feed the child with it

Q: the consumption of milk by children should not exceed 3 cups per day in order to lower the risk for a.solute overload b.iron deficiency c.vitamin a toxicity d.vitamin d toxicity

Q: a child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of a.anemia b.rickets c.hyperkeratosis d.ariboflavinosis

Q: young children who drink more than 2 to 3 1/2 cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of a.iron b.folate c.vitamin a d.vitamin c

Q: which of the following is the primary factor in the development of milk anemia? a.impaired absorption of iron b.excessive intake of cows milk c.low iron content of breast milk d.insufficient intake of whole cows milk

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics of vegetarian diets and infancy? a.infants weaned to vegan diets show significant slowing of growth b.the risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins b12 and d is significant c.rice milk may substitute for other beverages from the age of 12 months and on d.infants and children in vegetarian families should be given iron-fortified foods well into the second year

Q: foods containing sorbitol or other sugar alcohols should not be given to infants because they a.promote diarrhea b.promote constipation c.increase lead absorption d.decrease iron absorption

Q: what is the principal reason that information about fat on food labels of infant foods is intentionally omitted? a.to prevent parents from restricting their infants fat intake b.infants have a rapid growth rate and will adjust their overall food intake to meet their needs c.by law, the fat content is uniformly set at 30% of total energy for all infant foods and therefore is not required to be listed d.by law, the fat content must have equivalent amounts of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats to provide between 30 and 35% of total energy

Q: infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for a.obesity b.botulism c.osteopenia d.type 1 diabetes

Q: infants should not be given canned vegetables due to excessive amounts of a.tin b.fiber c.sodium d.botulinum spores

Q: which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a babys diet? a.vitamin c and iron b.vitamin a and zinc c.vitamin b12 and fluoride d.vitamin e and magnesium

Q: robertas first child is now 8 months old. roberta has been breastfeeding and would like to begin to introduce solids foods. she read somewhere to introduce one food at a time to the infant. which of the following would be the best choice for the first food to introduce to the baby? a.oats b.rice c.wheat d.barley

Q: what should be the first cereal introduced to the infant? a.oat b.corn c.rice d.wheat

Q: why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time? a.it prevents overfeeding b.any allergic reactions can be detected c.immunological protection hasnt been developed d.the swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control

Q: at what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food? a.3-5 weeks b.26-32 weeks c.4-6 months d.9-12 months

Q: which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants? a.two weeks b.two months c.five months d.one year

Q: of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? a.oat b.rice c.corn d.wheat

Q: which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants? a.they should be fed exclusively on breast milk b.they should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cows milk c.they should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients d.they should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is too low

Q: approximately what percentage of infants are born prematurely? a.4 b.12 c.20 d.33

Q: which of the following should not be used to feed an infant? a.whole milk b.ready-to-feed formula c.liquid concentrate formula appropriately diluted d.powdered formula or evaporated milk formula appropriately reconstituted

Q: during the first year of life, cows milk is considered an inappropriate food due to all of the following except a.it is too low in iron b.it is too low in sodium c.it is too high in protein d.it is too low in vitamin c

Q: what term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle? a.juice bottle erosion b.suckling enamelosis c.formula-induced gingivitis d.nursing bottle tooth decay

Q: low- or reduced-fat milk should not be given routinely to a child until after the age of a.two weeks b.three months c.one year d.six years

Q: which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? a.caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples b.bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples c.marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle d.tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to swallow normally

Q: which of the following sources of nutrition for infants is least likely to become contaminated with microorganisms? a.soy formula b.breast milk c.iron-fortified formula d.liquid concentrate formula

Q: an infant diagnosed with goats milk anemia is most likely deficient in a.iron b.folate c.vitamin b6 d.vitamin b12

Q: goats milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of a.iron b.folate c.protein d.calcium

Q: what is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula? a.because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this source first b.whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water c.because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it d.to inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead

Q: which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants? a.maternal passage of lead to fetus b.baby bottles made from lead crystal c.contaminated water used to make infant formula d.preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers

Q: what type of formula is available for infants with milk allergy? a.egg b.soy c.meat d.peanut

Q: which of the following is not among the features of infant formulas? a.they contain antibodies b.they breed bacteria in bottles left at room temperature c.they adhere to fda standards for nutrient composition and safety d.they contain fat and carbohydrate at concentrations resembling those in breast milk

Q: which of the following is a feature of infant soy formulas? a.they are used in about 1% of the infant population b.they contain cornstarch and sucrose rather than lactose c.they are identical to milk-based formulas except for the protein source d.they are not acceptable to vegan families because the formulas contain omega-3 fatty acids from fish

Q: which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance? a.egg b.soy c.barley d.powdered cows milk

Q: to gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infants diet is to a.feed b.wean c.nurse d.breastfeed

Q: compared with cows milk, breast milk contains a.less protein and calcium b.less lactose and vitamin c c.more fat and less carbohydrate d.more energy and less vitamin e

Q: which of the following is not known to be an advantage of breastfeeding? a.breastfed infants have lower blood pressure as adults compared with formula-fed peers b.breastfed infants have lower blood cholesterol as adults compared with formula-fed peers c.breastfed infants have a lower incidence of allergic reactions compared with formula-fed infants d.breastfed infants born prematurely grow more slowly than formula-fed infants born prematurely

Q: which of the following describes the results of studies on weight gain of people who were either breastfed or formula fed? a.the findings on weight gain of people who were formula fed or breastfed are inconsistent b.adults 21-25 years of age who had been formula fed showed similar bmis to those who had been breastfed for at least 6 months c.the body weight of mothers who breastfed was not a factor in their childs body weight, whereas the body weight of mothers who bottle-fed was strongly related d.the benefits of breast feeding on body weight of infants are observed only for the first 3 months of feeding, whereas the changes in body weight of infants who are formula-fed are linear for the first year

Q: which of the following is not among the features of breast milk banks? a.the milk is pasteurized b.the milk consists of a pool from several lactating mothers c.the source of the breast milk is donations from lactating mothers d.they accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana

Q: you are presenting a talk on the benefits of breastfeeding to a group of new mothers with a peace corps group in zimbabwe. there have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea within this population over the past several years. why is breastfeeding especially important under these circumstances? a.the emotional bonding enhances the overall health of the infant b.the lactoferrin protein present in breast milk stimulates t-cell immunity c.the lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses d.breast milk as a source of nutrition limits the feeding of other foods, which may be contaminated

Q: what is lactadherin? a.an iron-binding protein in breast milk b.a vitamin d-binding protein in breast milk c.a breast milk protein that inactivates a gi virus that causes diarrhea d.a protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of alpha-lactalbumin

Q: what factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infants intestinal bacteria? a.colostrum b.lactoferrin c.hemoferritin d.bifidus factor

Q: which of the following is associated with bifidus factors? a.increased iron absorption b.increased bacterial growth c.decreased allergy protection d.decreased hormone production

Q: which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition? a.it is generally easier to overfeed a breast-fed infant than a formula-fed infant b.breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections c.breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life d.for optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breast-feeding

Q: which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? a.there is no limit to the supply b.it provides immunological protection c.the mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk d.it is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby

Q: what is colostrum? a.a clot in the bloodstream b.a major protein in breast milk c.a hormone that promotes milk production d.a milk-like substance secreted right after delivery

Q: which of the following vitamin-mineral supplements need not be prescribed for an infant breastfed beyond 6 months of age? a.iron b.fluoride c.vitamin d d.vitamin e

Q: which of the following is not among the nutrient characteristics of human breast milk? a.the sodium content is low b.the zinc is highly bioavailable c.the iron is highly bioavailable d.the vitamin d content meets optimal growth requirements

Q: breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except a.sodium b.vitamin d c.iron and folate d.zinc and vitamin a

Q: what is thought to be the primary function of the oligosaccharides in breast milk? a.stimulation of the let-down reflex b.protection from infections in the infant c.stimulation of salivary amylase in the infant d.enhanced bioavailability of dha and arachidonic acid

Q: what is the chief protein in human breast milk? a.casein b.lactose c.albumin d.alpha-lactalbumin

Q: what is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? a.breast milk contains less fat b.breast milk is digested faster c.breast milk is less nutrient dense d.the amount of milk consumed per feeding is lower in breast-fed infants

Q: according to the american academy of pediatrics and the canadian pediatric society, breastfeeding of full-term infants is a.optional b.mildly recommended c.moderately recommended d.strongly recommended

Q: which of the following is not among features of breast milk composition? a.there is no casein in breast milk, unlike in cows milk b.the carbohydrate is lactose, which enhances calcium absorption c.the concentration of protein is slightly higher than for cows milk d.the proportion of energy contributed by fat is much higher than that recommended for adults

Q: for optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on the first breast offered a.for about 1-2 minutes b.for no more than 5 minutes c.before he shows signs of hunger d.until he stops actively suckling

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics of breastfeeding frequency? a.an early sign of hunger is increased alertness, whereas a late sign is crying b.during the first few weeks of life, the infant will demand 8-12 feedings per day c.the infant obtains almost one-half the milk during the first 2-3 minutes of sucking d.more infrequent and short-duration feedings are preferable to stimulate lactation and breast-filling

Q: which of the following is a feature of water in infancy? a.breastfed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water b.bottle-fed infants in hot, dry climates need supplemental water c.much of the infants body water content is located extracellularly d.conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting may be successfully treated with lower doses of adult medications

Q: the recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the a.average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants b.adult rda scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis c.older childs rda scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis d.average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers