Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following is not among features of nutrition and metabolism? a.the infants brain uses about 60% of the daily energy intake b.the fat in breast milk provides most of the energy to support rapid growth c.the infants brain is larger relative to the size of the body and therefore uses more energy d.the protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein overload

Q: what is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adults brain? a.half as much b.about the same c.three times as much d.six times as much

Q: what organ in the infant uses more than half of the days total energy intake? a.liver b.brain c.kidney d.skeletal muscle

Q: when expressed per kilogram body weight, the nutrient needs of infants are markedly higher than those of young adults for all of the following nutrients except a.iron b.iodine c.vitamin c d.vitamin d

Q: which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in infancy? a.infants fed fat-free milk are at risk for protein overload b.most of the energy in breast milk is derived from lactose c.the brain of an infant uses less glucose than that of an adult d.infants require about 25% more energy than adults when expressed per kg body weight

Q: infants showing symptoms of acidosis, dehydration, diarrhea, elevated blood ammonia and urea, and fever may be reacting to the nutritional problem of a.protein overload b.milk protein intolerance c.carbohydrate intolerance d.insufficient protein and energy

Q: what is the approximate energy requirement of infants, in kcalories per kilogram body weight? a.25 b.35 c.75 d.100

Q: what is the typical weight gain (lbs) of an infant between the first and second year of life? a.5 b.10 c.15 d.20

Q: what would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs? a.12 lbs b.16 lbs c.24 lbs d.35 lbs

Q: describe the risks associated with caffeine intake during pregnancy.

Q: provide examples of nonfood cravings common in pregnant women.

Q: under what circumstances and for what reasons would prenatal nutrient supplements be recommended?

Q: what nutrients are most commonly deficient in the diets of pregnant women and what recommendations could be made for improvement?

Q: describe the pattern of weight loss after a typical pregnancy.

Q: what is meant by fetal programming, and how does it affect development of diseases later in life?

Q: describe how fetal development is affected by exposure to alcohol during the first trimester, the second trimester, and the third trimester.

Q: distinguish between alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects.

Q: compare and contrast the features of prenatal alcohol exposure with those of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Q: describe distinguishing facial characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Q: describe the physical and mental abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Q: discuss the effects of maternal tobacco use on breastfeeding.

Q: discuss the consequences of maternal alcohol intake on fetal development.

Q: give examples of associations between maternal food choices and breast milk flavor.

Q: discuss the effects of maternal intake of insufficient nutrients on the quantity and quality of breast milk.

Q: explain the energy needs for breastfeeding in light of the mothers desire to lose the extra weight from pregnancy.

Q: outline 8 steps to successful breastfeeding.

Q: list the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and for the mother.

Q: provide examples of the effects of environmental contaminants on pregnancy outcomes.

Q: discuss the effects of tobacco use in the pregnant woman and its effects on health of the newborn.

Q: what practices should be avoided during pregnancy and why?

Q: describe the risks associated with pregnancy in older women.

Q: describe the risks associated with adolescent pregnancy.

Q: describe the condition known as preeclampsia. what are its risk factors and what is known about its prevention?

Q: explain the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension and the consequences if it is not properly managed.

Q: define gestational diabetes and list risk factors. how is it managed?

Q: discuss the role of wic programs for women in high-risk pregnancies. why is wic so effective?

Q: describe the consequences of malnutrition on conception and early pregnancy.

Q: discuss six factors and conditions that lead to high-risk pregnancies.

Q: list the complications experienced by low-birthweight infants.

Q: discuss food cravings and food aversions that develop in some women who become pregnant.

Q: what steps can be taken to minimize the development and discomfort of nausea, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy?

Q: discuss important concerns for vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation.

Q: discuss the relationship between vitamin c intake and iron absorption from the diet and from iron supplements in pregnant women.

Q: what nutrients are needed in greater amounts during pregnancy and what physical changes account for the increased needs?

Q: discuss the impact of adequate intake of fatty acids by the pregnant woman on fetal development.

Q: discuss the changes in macronutrient needs in pregnancy.

Q: compare the recommended weight gains for pregnancy in women who, at conception, are normal weight, underweight, overweight, or obese.

Q: discuss the consequences of being overweight or obese at the time of pregnancy.

Q: discuss the influence of prenatal malnutrition on the appearance of degenerative diseases in the later life of the child.

Q: what are several benefits of exercise specifically for the pregnant woman? what types of exercise should be avoided and why?

Q: discuss the association between maternal nutrition and the risk for development of chronic diseases in her child.

Q: discuss the association between maternal malnutrition and the increased risk for development of diabetes in her offspring.

Q: what is the u.s. governments rationale for requiring the fortification of grain products with folate?

Q: list factors that increase risk for giving birth to an infant with a neural tube defect.

Q: discuss the term critical periods in relation to pregnancy.

Q: describe the three major stages of fetal growth and development.

Q: what is the role of the placenta and how does it develop?

Q: a practice that conserves maternal iron stores a.0.05 b.2 c.7 d.17-30 e.25 f.35 g.38 h.iron i.pica j.folate k.zygote l.embryo m.alcohol n.eclampsia o.amniotic p.birthweight q.preeclampsia r.breastfeeding s.eat small, frequent meals t.drink at least 8 glasses of liquid a day

Q: which of the following is a feature of fetal alcohol syndrome (fas)? a.it cannot be treated, only prevented b.cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe c.diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with fas d.the most severe physical abnormalities in most fas children are covert rather than overt

Q: approximately how many infants each year are born in the united states with fetal alcohol syndrome? a.60 b.600 c.6,000 d.60,000

Q: which of the following is characteristic of hiv infection in mothers who breastfeed? a.the virus cannot be transmitted through the breast milk b.breastfeeding is always prohibited for an hiv-infected mother c.the hiv virus reverts to a dormant stage triggered by postpartum amenorrhea d.the world health organization (who) recommends exclusive breastfeeding by hiv-positive women for the first 6 months of infant life in developing countries

Q: why are supplements of fish oil not recommended for pregnant and lactating women? a.they may contain listeria bacteria b.they may contain concentrated toxins c.they alter the ratios of dietary omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids d.they are often derived from fish containing saturated, shorter-chain fatty acids

Q: what percentage of pregnant women in the united states smoke? a.1-2 b.3-6 c.7-10 d.10-14

Q: which of the following is a feature of hypertension in pregnancy? a.chronic hypertension increases risk for stillbirth b.chronic hypertension often leads to macrosomia c.gestational hypertension usually develops in the first trimester d.gestational hypertension is most common in women who had normal blood pressure before pregnancy

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of preterm infants? a.they are often underweight and have difficulty breathing b.even with adequate nutrition support, they rarely show catch-up growth c.if they are merely small-for-gestational age, they usually show catch-up growth d.they are typically born to women of high socioeconomic status

Q: which of the following two nutrients are not needed in higher amounts in pregnancy? a.choline and copper b.biotin and potassium c.vitamin d and calcium d.pantothenic acid and molybdenum

Q: what is the approximate increase in energy needs (kcal/d) in the first trimester of pregnancy? a.0 b.160 c.340 d.450

Q: which of the following physical activities would be permitted for the pregnant woman? a.scuba diving b.water aerobics c.exercising in hot, humid weather d.exercising while lying on her back

Q: the daily dietary protein recommendation for the pregnant woman is the rda plus a.5 g b.25 g c.50 g d.100 g

Q: which of the following is not among the common complications experienced by pregnant obese women? a.hypertension b.pre-term birthing c.gestational diabetes d.postpartum infections

Q: which of the following is a feature of being overweight and pregnant? a.folate-related neural tube defects b.increased prevalence of caesarian section c.inability to carry twins to birth completion d.increased risk of birthing a small-for-gestational age infant

Q: what fraction of all pregnant women in the united states are obese? a.1/5 b.1/4 c.1/3 d.1/2

Q: what is a blastocyst? a.the 5-day-old zygote that becomes implanted in the uterine wall b.the terminal end of the umbilical cord that attaches to the placenta c.fingerlike projections on the uterine wall that act to separate fetal from maternal tissues d.the network of placental blood vessels that exchanges nutrients and waste products from mother to fetus

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of low-birth-weight infants? a.they show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration b.they demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth c.they have an increased risk for insulin resistance if they were also born prematurely d.they have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure

Q: the weight (lbs) of a healthy newborn infant ranges from a.4-4 1/2 b.5-6 c.6 1/2-8 d.8 1/2-10

Q: what is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women? a.fap b.wic c.eat d.mow

Q: according to many experts, what minimum level of alcohol intake increases the risk of giving birth to an infant with fetal alcohol syndrome? a.1 drink/day b.2 drinks/day c.4 drinks/day d.7 drinks/week

Q: in what period of pregnancy would the risk for spontaneous abortion increase due to alcohol consumption? a.before conception b.first trimester c.second trimester d.third trimester

Q: which of the following is not a feature of children born with alcohol-related complications? a.the children often go undiagnosed b.the children often show growth retardation c.few of the children show problem behaviors d.all children born with these complications show marked outward signs

Q: a less severe form of fetal alcohol syndrome is known by all of the following terms except a.prenatal alcohol exposure b.fetal alcohol spectrum disorder c.fetal subdevelopment syndrome d.alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder