Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following statements describes a relationship between alcohol intake and fetal development? a.birth defects are most severe when the woman drinks around the time of conception b.infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome typically show immediate signs of brain impairment c.eating well and maintaining adequate nutrient stores will prevent alcohol-induced placenta damage d.toxicity to the fetus begins to occur when fetal blood alcohol levels rise above maternal blood alcohol levels

Q: which of the following is not a characteristic of caffeine and lactation? a.caffeine enters breast milk b.caffeine in breast milk may irritate the infant c.the a.m.a. recommends no caffeine intake during lactation d.if consumed, the amount should be no more than 2 cups of coffee daily

Q: what is the benefit of postpartum amenorrhea? a.it stimulates milk production b.it conserves iron in the mother c.it stimulates the let-down reflex d.it stimulates the suckling reflex in the infant

Q: which of the following is an effect of alcohol intake in the mother who breastfeeds? a.it alters the flavor b.it stimulates lactation c.it passes into the breast milk and stimulates the infants acceptance d.it first appears in the breast milk approximately 12 hours after ingestion

Q: which of the following reflects one of the effects of alcohol intake on lactation? a.it does not pass into the breast milk b.it hinders the infants ability to breastfeed c.it mildly stimulates breast milk production d.it passes into the breast milk but is degraded by enzymes in breast tissue

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation? a.alcohol easily enters breast milk b.alcohol actually stimulates lactation c.infants drink slightly more breast milk when the mother consumes up to 1 drink per day d.the small amounts of alcohol that are secreted along with breast milk stimulate infant digestion

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of maternal smoking and breast milk production? a.the milk produced by mothers who smoke contains nicotine b.cigarette smoking reduces the quality but not the quantity of breast milk c.infants of breastfeeding mothers who smoke gain excessive weight consisting mainly of abdominal adipose tissue d.the smell and flavors of breast milk from mothers who smoke do not alter volume consumed until the infant reaches 3 months of age

Q: which of the following statements describes an association between nutrient intake and lactation? a.milk production is increased by higher fluid intake b.ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk c.inadequate protein intake lowers the protein concentration of the milk d.the energy rda for milk production calls for an additional 1000 kcalories per day

Q: why might a lactating woman need to take an iron supplement? a.to improve the flavor of breast milk b.to increase iron content of breast milk c.to replace the iron stores she lost during pregnancy d.to account for the re-start of menstruation that usually occurs 1-2 months postpartum

Q: which of the following describes the findings from studies of lactating women who exercised intensely compared with sedentary lactating women? a.they had similar energy intakes b.their milk was more nutrient dense c.they had a slightly greater amount of body fat d.their milk contained more lactate, which altered the milks taste

Q: which of the following is a feature of lactation? a.breast milk protein content may be enhanced by moderate exercise b.the volume of breast milk may be increased by drinking plenty of fluid c.the iron content of breast milk may be increased by taking iron supplements d.breast milk quantity but not quality is most affected by nutritional inadequacies

Q: penny is a new mom and, on the advice of her doctor, has been eating an extra whole-wheat bagel with strawberry jelly every night in addition to her nutrient-dense diet. why did penny receive this advice? a.bagels are a way of getting more kcalories in the diet b.bagels provide the extra protein lactating mothers need for lactose production c.babies prefer the strawberry jelly in the mothers diet as it alters the taste of the breast milk d.these bagels provide the extra carbohydrates lactating mothers need for lactose production

Q: the number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately a.100 b.250 c.500 d.1000

Q: what causes the let-down reflex? a.oxytocin b.estrongen c.prepartum amenorrhea d.postpartum amenorrhea

Q: which of the following is a function of prolactin? a.it reverses the effects of certain mutagens b.it reverses the effects of certain teratogens c.it acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk release d.it acts on mammary glands to promote milk production

Q: in general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother? a.cessation of lactation b.reduced quality of milk c.reduced quantity of milk d.reduced quality and quantity of milk

Q: a feature of heavy caffeine use in human pregnancy is that it may a.worsen edema b.increase the risk of preterm birth c.increase the risk of birth defects d.increase the risk of stillborn infants

Q: which of the following is a feature of heavy metal intake and pregnancy? a.mercury, but not lead, can easily cross the placenta b.lead and mercury both damage the fetal nervous system c.pregnant women are advised to limit consumption of shark and swordfish to no more than once per week d.pregnant women are advised to avoid shellfish around the critical period of brain development but may resume normal intake thereafter

Q: a positive relationship exists between sudden infant death syndrome and which of the following behaviors during pregnancy? a.lack of exercise b.high fish intake c.cigarette smoking d.vitamin c supplements

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of foodborne illness during pregnancy? a.the risk for listeriosis is substantially higher in pregnant women than in other healthy adults b.consumption of smoked seafood is permitted due to the beneficial effects of smoke residue on microorganisms c.fish intake should be minimized due to the high lead content and susceptibility of the fetal central nervous system d.foodborne pathogenic organisms are less likely to cause infection during pregnancy if the dietary intake of calcium is adequate

Q: which of the following is not a common relationship between the use of tobacco products and complications of pregnancy? a.smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage b.chewing tobacco during pregnancy is unsafe c.smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome d.taking zinc supplements prevents the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension in smokers

Q: with few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except a.cigarette smoking b.weight-loss dieting c.artificial sweeteners d.alcohol consumption

Q: which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the u.s. surgeon general? a.they should drink absolutely no alcohol b.they should refrain from drinking hard liquor only c.they are permitted to ingest no more than 2 drinks per day d.they are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the first 3 months but none thereafter

Q: tobacco use in pregnancy increases the risk for all of the following except a.sids b.fetal death c.macrosomia d.preterm birth

Q: what is the risk of giving birth to a child with down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old compared with a 20 year old? a.one-half as much b.about the same c.25 times higher d.100 times higher

Q: all of the following are features of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women except a.maternal mortality rates are lower b.fetal mortality rates are twice as high c.cesarean delivery is twice as common d.complications that arise typically reflect chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension

Q: which of the following may be effective at reducing the risk for preeclampsia? a.bed rest b.exercise c.low-protein diets d.vitamin b12 supplementation

Q: which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? a.the recommended weight gain is approximately 35 lbs b.the incidence of stillbirths and preterm births is 5-10% lower compared with adult women c.the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is 5-10% lower compared with older women d.the time in labor is usually shorter than for older women because there are fewer overweight teenagers

Q: which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of eclampsia? a.convulsions by the mother b.convulsions by the newborn c.low blood pressure in the mother d.low blood pressure in the newborn

Q: which of the following is not a characteristic of preeclampsia? a.it often diminishes fetal growth b.it is a disorder of genetic predisposition c.it almost always progresses slowly to eclampsia d.it is much more prevalent in black women than white women

Q: which of the following is not a common feature of preeclampsia? a.edema b.glucose intolerance c.proteinuria d.high blood pressure

Q: preeclampsia typically develops during the a.first half of pregnancy b.second half of pregnancy c.first month after delivery d.first trimester of pregnancy

Q: what is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman? a.preeclampsia b.gestational diabetes c.teratogenic hypertension d.pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis

Q: which of the following is not a common feature of gestational diabetes? a.asian ancestry is a risk factor b.infant birthweights are typically low c.it usually develops during the second half of pregnancy d.the most common consequences include labor and delivery complications

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes? a.it predicts risk of diabetes for the infant b.it leads to type 2 diabetes in some women c.it occurs in over one-half of normal weight women d.it occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births

Q: what is gestational diabetes? a.a severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns b.abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy c.reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy d.a temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy

Q: brenda is in her 26th week of gestation and has a family history of diabetes. her pre-pregnancy bmi was 26, and she has gained 35 lb. if she does not make appropriate dietary changes, she is at high risk for developing a.preeclampsia b.gestational diabetes c.preexisting diabetes d.preexisting hypertension

Q: which of the following is a feature of the wic program? a.the number of children in the program is capped at 2 million b.it is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city c.it offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means d.it saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent

Q: what is wic? a.a serious neural tube defect b.the world intervention and conception program of the united nations c.an environmental contaminant that may interfere with breast milk production d.a food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants

Q: which of the following is not a feature of malnutrition in pregnancy? a.it increases the risk for delivery of a low-birth-weight infant b.around the time of conception, it increases the risk for birth defects c.it increases the risk for adverse effects on the child and, if the child is a female, on her children d.around the time of conception, it prevents the uterus from developing fully but spares the placenta

Q: which of the following is not among the risks from malnutrition in women or men before conception? a.it usually results in macrosomia b.it may lead to cessation of menstruation c.it may result in a poorly developed placenta d.it results in more complications during pregnancy in both overweight and underweight women

Q: which of the following is the standard classification for a very-low-birthweight infant? a.3 1/2 lbs or less b.4 1/2 lbs or less c.5 1/2 lbs or less d.6 1/2 lbs or less

Q: which of the following is the standard classification for a low-birthweight infant? a.3 1/2 lbs or less b.4 lbs or less c.5 1/2 lbs or less d.6 1/2 lbs or less

Q: a craving for non-food substances is known as a.pica b.bulimia c.toxemia d.hyperemesis

Q: what is the most likely reason for a pregnant woman to crave pickles? a.a change in hormones b.a hypoglycemic episode c.a physiologic need for fluid d.a physiologic need for sodium

Q: jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. the doctor declared that jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for a.dirt b.garlic c.pickles d.pepperoni

Q: which of the following is not a common feature of nonfood cravings during pregnancy? a.they are especially common in african-americans b.they are often associated with iron-deficiency anemia c.they commonly include consumption of freezer frost and clay d.they are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants

Q: which of the following statements reflects current knowledge of food choices in pregnancy? a.a craving for pickles is a strong indicator that the body needs salt b.a craving for milk is a strong indicator that the body needs calcium and/or phosphorus c.careful and appropriate selection of foods can meet all nutrient needs for most women d.cravings and aversions to certain foods are probably the result of altered taste and smell sensitivities induced by hormones

Q: which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn? a.eat many small meals b.drink fluids only with meals c.exercise within 30 minutes after eating d.lie down within 15 minutes after eating

Q: to help alleviate pregnancy-related nausea, all of the following actions are recommended except a.eat dry toast or dry crackers b.avoid milk when feeling nauseated c.avoid orange juice when feeling nauseated d.eat large, infrequent meals so as to limit contact time with food

Q: which of the following is not a common problem of pregnancy? a.nausea b.heartburn c.constipation d.low blood pressure

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation? a.vegan diets require supplements of selenium, zinc, and manganese b.breast milk from vegetarian women is lower in protein but higher in fiber c.it is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation d.the increase in appetite during pregnancy allows a vegan pregnant woman to easily meet or exceed her energy requirements

Q: since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mothers nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies? a.1/2 year b.1 year c.1 1/2-2 years d.3-4 years

Q: examine the following menu for a pregnant woman. breakfast lunch 2 scrambled eggs 1 crushed wheat english muffin 1 cup orange juice 2 pieces (4 oz) fried chicken 2 wheat rolls w/butter 1/2 cup mashed potatoes and gravy iced tea supper 3 oz pork chop 1 ear corn on the cob lettuce and tomato salad with 2 tbsp dressing 1 slice bread according to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, which of the following food groups is the only one that is provided in sufficient amounts by this menu? a.milk b.protein foods c.vegetables d.grains

Q: in pregnant women unable to meet their calcium needs, a daily supplement providing how many mg of calcium is advised? a.150 b.300 c.600 d.1000

Q: the amount of vitamin d needed in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and a.low-mercury fish b.exposure to the sun c.tropical fruit juices d.vitamin d supplements

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? a.calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations b.the rda for calcium is the same as before pregnancy c.calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy d.calcification of the fetal skeleton begins during the 14th week of pregnancy

Q: which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? a.the rda increases by over 100% b.intestinal absorption increases substantially c.supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs d.transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester

Q: during pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? a.salt and sugar b.protein and fat c.calcium and iron d.thiamin and ascorbic acid

Q: which of the following is not a general feature of zinc nutrition in pregnancy? a.typical intakes are lower than the recommended amount b.supplements are effective in preventing neural tube defects c.a secondary deficiency may develop when iron supplements are taken d.the mineral is needed for nucleic acid synthesis and thus cell development

Q: which of the following is false regarding iron nutrition in pregnancy? a.the mineral is conserved during this period b.absorption of the mineral increases due to higher blood transferrin c.most women enter pregnancy with adequate stores of the mineral d.stores of the mineral are transferred to the fetus even with low dietary intake

Q: of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores? a.iron b.protein c.vitamin d d.vitamin b6

Q: in the united states, what is the minimum daily amount of protein that should be consumed by a 135-pound woman during pregnancy? a.49 g b.74 g c.108 g d.135 g

Q: which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells? a.protein and chromium b.folate and vitamin b12 c.calcium and vitamin a d.vitamin e and vitamin c

Q: which of the following statements characterizes energy needs during pregnancy? a.the need is proportionally greater than for most other nutrients b.the increased needs are similar at the beginning and end of pregnancy c.the needs increase by similar amounts in teenagers and 30-year-old women d.carbohydrates should supply a minimum of 135 g and ideally 175 g per day

Q: what is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy? a.200 b.300 c.450 d.540

Q: over the course of the entire pregnancy, approximately how much extra energy, in kcal, does the average pregnant woman need to consume? a.10,500 b.26,000 c.49,000 d.72,000

Q: jenny has just learned that she is one month pregnant (1st trimester). she has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips, and cakes she has seen women on tv and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. what is the most appropriate advice for jenny? a.she can eat these foods, but only up to 340 kcalories extra per day b.she can eat these foods, but only up to 550 kcalories extra per day c.she does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself d.she should not eat these foods, but rather include one extra serving from each food group per day

Q: which of the following is not a normal body response to pregnancy? a.breast size increases b.blood volume increases c.body water level decreases d.joint flexibility increases

Q: to maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except a.saunas b.swimming c.playing singles tennis d.50-minute aerobic exercise sessions 3 times/week

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy? a.weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women b.most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy c.sudden, large weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension d.overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women

Q: the component of weight gain during pregnancy that is similar to the average weight of the infant at birth is the a.placenta b.amniotic sac fluid c.maternal fat stores d.uterus and supporting muscles

Q: in pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of a.excessive fat deposition b.excessive fluid retention c.abnormal fetal development d.normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester

Q: what is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman? a.11 lbs b.18 lbs c.25 lbs d.35 lbs

Q: what is the recommended minimum weight gain, in lbs, of a normal-weight woman who is expected to bear twins? a.25 b.37 c.45 d.55

Q: usually, what is the first sign of preeclampsia? a.fall in blood pressure b.elevated blood glucose c.a large weight gain over a short time d.chronic episodes of pica over the last 2 trimesters

Q: for the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward? a.1 lb b.2 lbs c.3 lbs d.4 lbs

Q: in pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time period is evidence of a.edema b.poor glycemic control c.insufficient physical activity d.development of neural tube defects

Q: you work with a primary care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets. what vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain? a.weight and height b.physical activity level c.number of previous pregnancies d.weight gain preference of the mother

Q: which of the following describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy? a.overweight women bear the greatest number of low-birth-weight infants b.weight gain during pregnancy is the sole determinant of fetuss weight at birth c.the increased incidence of neural tube defects of infants born to obese women is due primarily to folate insufficiency d.underweight women who gain 30 lbs during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 30 lbs