Q&A Hero

Q: a tissue deprived of an oxygen supply during exercise would develop an accumulation of a.atp b.lactate c.glucose-1-phosphate d.tca cycle intermediates

Q: which of the following is least likely to affect the size of the bodys glycogen stores? a.exercise regimen b.fat content of the diet c.type of supplements taken d.carbohydrate content of the diet

Q: which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly? a.hiking b.jogging c.walking d.quarter-mile run

Q: in the average person, the amount of stored glycogen represents how many kcal? a.500 b.1000 c.2000 d.4000

Q: which of the following diets promotes superior physical performance in athletes? a.high-fat diet b.high-protein diet c.high-carbohydrate diet d.normal mixed diet with vitamin supplements

Q: what dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations? a.fats b.proteins c.carbohydrates d.chromium and iron

Q: what is the usual fate of muscle glycogen during exercise? a.utilized as a fuel within the muscle cells only b.released into the bloodstream to provide fuel for brain cells c.released into the bloodstream to replenish liver glycogen as needed d.utilized to support lung and heart function under conditions of intense physical performance

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of fuel use by muscles? a.at rest, about 90% of the fuel is derived from glucose b.at rest, about 90% of the fuel is derived from fat c.muscles always use a mixture of fuels at rest or during physical activity d.during physical activity, amino acids contribute most of the fuel

Q: what substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction? a.atp b.nad c.glucose d.fatty acids

Q: if muscle work is anaerobic, which of the following cannot serve as fuel? a.fat b.protein c.carbohydrate

Q: a person who suddenly begins sprinting will exhaust the muscles supply of creatine phosphate in about a.1 second b.10 seconds c.1 minute d.10 minutes

Q: during physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate? a.removal of lactic acid b.transfer of energy to make atp c.removal of nitrogen waste products d.transfer of phosphate to muscle fiber

Q: what high-energy compound acts as a reservoir of energy for the maintenance of a steady supply of atp? a.glycerol b.glycogen c.fatty acids d.creatine phosphate

Q: chris has been competing all day in a track competition and is now ready for the 100-meter dash. although he feels tired, which of the following high-energy muscle compounds can he rely on for quick energy in this event? a.fat b.lactate c.creatine phosphate d.adenosine diphosphate

Q: what is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity? a.fat b.protein c.glycogen d.blood glucose

Q: in weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by performing a a.low number of repetitions with heavy weight b.low number of repetitions with lighter weight c.high number of repetitions with heavy weight d.high number of repetitions with lighter weight

Q: in weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by performing a a.low number of repetitions with heavy weight b.low number of repetitions with lighter weight c.high number of repetitions with heavy weight d.high number of repetitions with lighter weight

Q: pat has gained about 20 pounds in the past 5 years and has come to you for help with a diet and exercise regimen. in order to promote optimal fat loss through exercise, in which of the following activities should pat participate? a.wearing an electrical impulse belt throughout the day b.low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise like hiking c.high-intensity aerobic activity like cycling, swimming, or running d.very high-intensity anaerobic activity like a 1/4-mile run at maximal speed

Q: if a persons maximum heart rate is 220 beats/min, what is his safe maximum heart rate during vigorous exercise? a.110 b.142 c.165 d.187

Q: which of the following is an example of a resistance training activity? a.yoga b.swimming c.power walking d.lifting free weights

Q: the normal resting pulse rate (beats per minute) for adults is approximately a.50 b.70 c.95 d.140

Q: a persons vo2 max is the maximum a.velocity on a treadmill test b.rate of oxygen consumption c.intake of oxygen while at rest d.intake of air at 70% physical exhaustion

Q: the volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute is known as the a.vo2 max b.one-half vo2 max c.cardiac output d.cardiac conditioned index

Q: for maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least a.20 minutes b.40 minutes c.1 hour d.2 hours

Q: the effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as a.muscle fitness b.muscle endurance c.cardiopulmonary adaptation d.cardiorespiratory conditioning

Q: which of the following is not derived directly from cardiorespiratory conditioning? a.increased flexibility b.slowed resting pulse c.increased breathing efficiency d.increased blood volume and oxygen delivery

Q: the duration of exercise warm-up and cool-down periods should be a.1-2 minutes each b.5-10 minutes each c.15 minutes each d.2 minutes warm-up and 4 minutes cool-down

Q: athletes can safely add muscle tissue by a.tripling protein intake b.taking hormones duplicating those of puberty c.putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder d.relying on protein for muscle fuel and decreasing intake of carbohydrates

Q: a muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of a.atrophy b.hypertrophy c.muscular endurance d.muscle engorgement

Q: what is muscle atrophy? a.loss of muscle size and strength b.muscle cramps arising from insufficient warm-up c.muscle spasms resulting from too-rapid progressive overloading d.alterations in heart muscle contractions when first initiating a fitness program

Q: which of the following components of training define(s) the progressive overload principle? a.intensity only b.frequency only c.frequency and flexibility only d.intensity, frequency, and duration only

Q: which of the following best exemplifies an activity that promotes flexibility? a.yoga b.pilates c.weight lifting d.jumping rope

Q: which of the following would not be categorized as a strength fitness activity? a.pilates b.pull-ups c.push-ups d.kickboxing

Q: a person engaging in a vigorous level of physical activity would walk at a minimum pace of a.1.5 mph b.3.2 mph c.4.6 mph d.7.5 mph

Q: physical fitness may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least a.10 minutes/day b.20 minutes/day c.3.5 hours/week d.5 hours/week

Q: what may, in part, account for the reduced risk of gallbladder disease in people who engage in regular physical activity? a.increased fiber intake b.reduction of blood lipids c.alteration of hormonal profile d.reduction of dietary fat intake

Q: what percentage of u.s. adults lives a completely sedentary lifestyle? a.2 b.13 c.29 d.79

Q: which of the following is generally not associated with a regular program of physical fitness? a.reduced bone density b.lower blood pressure c.fall in resting pulse rate d.diminished blood cholesterol

Q: which of the following is not among the components of fitness? a.strength b.flexibility c.bone fragility d.cardiovascular endurance

Q: which of the following are features of physical activity and exercise? a.neither involves mandatory body movement b.neither involves enhanced energy expenditure c.physical activity, but not exercise, involves muscle contractions d.exercise, but not physical activity, is thought to be vigorous, structured, and planned

Q: all of the following are acceptable definitions of the term fitness except a.the ability of the body to resist stress b.the ability of the body to perform physical activity without undue stress c.the ability to maintain a normal body composition and remain free of injury while performing strenuous physical tasks d.the ability to meet normal physical and emotional demands while maintaining an energy reserve sufficient to overcome an immediate challenge

Q: discuss the important unanswered questions concerning functional foods.

Q: discuss the potential consequences of adding phytochemicals to foods.

Q: what are the important questions that should be addressed concerning the safety and efficacy of functional foods?

Q: discuss the health benefits and food sources of flavonoids.

Q: list 6 different types of phytochemicals, their possible effects in the body, and food sources.

Q: what is the meaning and significance of functional foods? give several examples of potential functional foods and their proposed uses.

Q: what are the potential adverse effects from consuming foods rich in phytoestrogens?

Q: discuss the effects of lead exposure on health and human performance.

Q: discuss the essential nature of molybdenum, including food sources.

Q: discuss the essential nature of chromium, and list good food sources of chromium. why are chromium supplements promoted by the supplements industry?

Q: discuss the essential nature of fluoride. what level in the diet is considered optimal? what are the effects of excess fluoride intake and how does toxicity usually occur?

Q: discuss the role of copper in the disorders menkes disease and wilsons disease.

Q: explain how a deficiency of copper can lead to iron deficiency anemia.

Q: discuss the essential nature of selenium. where and why are deficiencies observed in the world?

Q: discuss iodine availability and sources of iodine in the u.s. diet.

Q: what factors account for the above average intake of iodine by many people in the u.s. population?

Q: what are the effects of iodine deficiency and iodine excess? what population groups show iodine abnormalities?

Q: discuss the use of zinc lozenges to treat the common cold.

Q: what are the benefits of zinc supplementation in developing countries?

Q: what are the signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency? which ones have similarities to other nutrient deficiencies?

Q: what are the concerns of iron nutrition in vegetarians?

Q: discuss the pros and cons of increasing the iron level of enriched bread in the united states.

Q: how does pica behavior affect iron nutrition?

Q: a.what signs and symptoms of iron deficiency are shared with iron overload? b.what tests are used to assess for iron overload?

Q: in the proper sequence, describe the three stages in the development of iron deficiency.

Q: discuss factors that influence the bioavailability of dietary iron. what are good sources of bioavailable iron? what factors interfere with iron absorption?

Q: what factors are known to reduce or enhance iron absorption?

Q: explain the difference between heme and nonheme iron. how can the efficiency of absorption be increased for both types of iron?

Q: choose any 3 trace elements and discuss their major functions, deficiency symptoms, toxicity symptoms, and food sources.

Q: compare and contrast the absorption, transport, and recycling of iron and zinc.

Q: what is known about the essentiality and metabolic roles of the following minerals: nickel, silicon, vanadium, boron, and cobalt?

Q: make several general statements about trace elements in nutrition, including common food sources, deficiencies, toxicities, and interactions.

Q: matching 1>iron storage protein 2>form of iron found only in animal flesh 3>form of iron found in both plant and animal foods 4>oxygen-carrying protein in muscle 5>iron-containing protein in erythrocytes 6>enhances absorption of nonheme iron 7>substance in coffee and tea that reduces iron absorption 8>toxicity from this mineral is twice as prevalent as deficiency in men 9>condition characterized by large deposits of iron storage protein in body tissues 10>craving for non-food substances 11>a deficiency of this element retards growth and arrests sexual maturation 12>zinc binding protein of the intestine 13>iodine deficiency disease 14>major dietary source of iodine 15>disease associated with severe selenium deficiency 16>stabilized form of tooth crystal 17>deficiency leads to hyperglycemia 18>condition associated with discoloration of tooth enamel 19>significant dietary source of fluoride 20>mineral that forms integral part of vitamin b12 a.tea b.iron c.pica d.zinc e.heme f.goiter g.cobalt h.ferritin i.keshan j.nonheme k.chromium l.fluorosis m.myoglobin n.mfp factor o.hemoglobin p.tannic acid q.fluorapatite r.fortified salt s.metallothionein t.hemochromatosis

Q: margarine enriched with phytosterols is known to a.reduce blood cholesterol b.lower thermogenesis by 10% c.stimulate soluble fiber fermentation d.raise absorption efficiency of vitamin b12

Q: the active components in black tea and green tea associated with favorable effects on the cardiovascular system are a.quercetins b.flavonoids c.resverotrols d.sulforaphones

Q: flaxseed is a rich source of a.lutein b.lignans c.sulforaphane d.organosulfur compounds

Q: which of the following is not among substances classified as phytonutrients? a.lutein b.lignans c.hepcidin d.phytosterols

Q: lycopene is classified as a(n) a.lignan b.carotenoid c.phytoestrogen d.enzyme cofactor

Q: which of the following is a rich source of phytoestrogens? a.potatoes b.soybeans c.cold-water fish d.green, leafy vegetables