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Q:
what term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition? a.health foods b.organic foods c.functional foods d.disease preventative foods
Q:
to serve its function in oxygen delivery to body tissues, iron must interact closely with a.copper and vitamin c b.selenium and iodine c.zinc and vitamin a d.chromium and calcium
Q:
in the body, lead is known to significantly interfere with utilization of all of the following minerals except a.iron b.zinc c.calcium d.selenium
Q:
which of the following is not considered a heavy metal? a.iron b.lead c.mercury d.cadmium
Q:
what mineral is part of vitamin b12? a.copper b.cobalt c.nickel d.vanadium
Q:
evidence to date in animals and/or human beings suggests that normal bone metabolism requires all of the following trace minerals except a.boron b.silver c.silicon d.vanadium
Q:
which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development? a.tin b.cobalt c.silicon d.barium
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum? a.enhances the activity of insulin b.deficiency symptoms in people are unknown c.unusually poor food sources are legumes and cereal grains d.toxicity symptoms in human beings include damage to red blood cells
Q:
chromium deficiency is characterized by a.hypertension b.hyperglycemia c.enlargement of the liver d.enlargement of the thyroid gland
Q:
what is a glucose tolerance factor? a.a protein that stimulates glycolysis b.a mineral cofactor for a specific enzyme c.a hormone that enhances pancreatic function d.a small organic compound that promotes the action of insulin
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition? a.a deficiency leads to hypothyroidism b.supplements are well known to be helpful c.whole grains represent an excellent source d.in the body, it enhances the action of ceruloplasmin
Q:
as far as is known, what hormone is dependent upon chromium for optimal activity? a.renin b.gastrin c.insulin d.antidiurectic hormone
Q:
one of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of a.iron b.proteins c.carbohydrates d.metallothionein
Q:
which of the following is known to cause discolored enamel of the teeth? a.excessive fluoride in the water b.insufficient fluoride in the water c.excessive intake of simple sugars d.inability of the body to absorb fluoride
Q:
what is the approximate fluoride concentration in community water supplies? a.1 ppm b.2 ppm c.2.5 ppm d.4 ppm
Q:
which of the following does not have an rda? a.iron b.zinc c.iodine d.fluoride
Q:
naturally occurring food sources of fluoride include all of the following except a.teas b.tuna c.milk d.shrimp
Q:
what is the tolerable upper intake a.10 mg/day b.25 mg/day c.60 mg/day d.100 mg/day
Q:
fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to a.dental decay b.osteoporosis c.discoloration of teeth d.nutritional muscular dystrophy
Q:
which of the following is a feature of fluoride in nutrition? a.most bottled waters are fluoridated b.a severe deficiency is known as fluorosis c.fluorapatite refers to an increase in the desire to eat fluoride-rich foods d.a deficiency contributes to the most widespread health problem in the united states
Q:
what is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride? a.public water b.dark green vegetables c.milk and milk products d.meats and whole-grain cereals
Q:
you have just been elected mayor of smalltownville, where the major source of drinking water is from wells. what major health problem would be expected among the children of smalltownville? a.goiter b.dental caries c.gi infections d.hemochromatosis
Q:
what percentage of the u.s. population have decayed, missing, or filled teeth? a.15 b.35 c.55 d.95
Q:
which of the following mechanisms explains why fluoride is effective in controlling tooth decay? a.it helps regulate calcium levels in saliva b.it helps form decay-resistant fluorapatite c.it inhibits growth of decay-producing bacteria d.it changes the ph of the mouth, inhibiting bacterial growth
Q:
what is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries? a.fluoride increases calcium absorption, which increases crystal formation of teeth b.decay is inhibited due to neutralization of organic acids produced by bacteria on the teeth c.decay is reduced due to the inhibitory effects of fluoride on growth of bacteria on the teeth d.fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay
Q:
which of the following characteristics are shared by copper and fluoride? a.both may be obtained from drinking tap water b.both serve as cofactors for a number of enzymes c.neither is involved in the integrity of bones and teeth d.neither is known to be toxic at intakes of 10 times the estimated safe and adequate dietary intake
Q:
which of the following represents the most likely cause of manganese toxicity? a.consumption of supplements b.increased absorption due to genetic defect c.inhalation of dust contaminated with manganese d.consumption of foods grown on manganese-rich soils
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of manganese in nutrition? a.plant foods are good sources b.deficiencies are seen primarily in the elderly c.absorption is inhibited by calcium supplements d.toxicity is more common from environmental contamination than from the diet
Q:
which of the following minerals is a cofactor in the formation of hemoglobin? a.iodine b.copper c.sodium d.calcium
Q:
which of the following meats would be the best source of copper? a.chicken b.shellfish c.beefsteak d.hamburger
Q:
which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition? a.absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron b.it is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing c.soft water may provide significant amounts in the diet d.deficiency is common in children of middle east countries
Q:
the rare genetic disorders menkes disease and wilsons disease result from abnormal utilization of a.iron b.zinc c.copper d.manganese
Q:
which of the following is not among the characteristics of copper in nutrition? a.deficiency is rare b.legumes are a rich source c.absorption from foods is poor d.absorption is reduced by ingestion of zinc supplements
Q:
your aunt thelma has been anemic for some time and was recently shown to be deficient in copper. which of the following explains the association of copper and anemia? a.copper is required for hemoglobin synthesis b.copper plays a role in wound healing, which prevents excessive blood loss c.anemia affects synthesis of protoporphyrin, which interferes with iron absorption d.copper is known to protect against free radical formation, which prevents excess damage of red blood cells
Q:
what is the tolerable upper intake a.1 mg/day b.2.5 mg/day c.7.5 mg/day d.10 mg/day
Q:
which of the following minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen? a.zinc b.copper c.chromium d.molybdenum
Q:
which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin e? a.iron b.selenium c.chromium d.molybdenum
Q:
which of the following is a property of selenium in nutrition? a.it participates in the functioning of insulin b.severe deficiency is associated with heart disease in china c.significant food sources include dairy and unprocessed vegetables d.it has no rda but the estimated safe and adequate dietary intake is only 2-3 g/day
Q:
what trace element is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase? a.iron b.zinc c.selenium d.chromium
Q:
keshan disease risk increases with a deficiency of a.copper b.selenium c.manganese d.molybdenum
Q:
which of the following is an important function of selenium? a.helps blood to clot b.inhibits the formation of free radicals c.stabilizes the alcohol content of beer d.acts as a cross-linking agent in collagen
Q:
your uncle carlos has survived two heart attacks, and recently asked if he might be deficient in selenium, which he had just heard is essential to heart health. you are aware of his food habits and explain that his condition could not be the result of a dietary deficiency of selenium because a.tap water is a source of selenium b.selenium is prevalent in most food groups c.he consumes legumes, a rich source of selenium d.he drinks fluoridated water, which increases bioavailability of selenium
Q:
which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland? a.fresh-water fish b.iodized table salt c.locally grown produce d.plants of the cabbage family
Q:
what is the tolerable upper intake a.200 g b.450 g c.1100 g d.2000 g
Q:
which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine? a.diarrhea b.skin rashes c.dehydration d.thyroid gland enlargement
Q:
what is the adult rda for iodine? a.45 g b.100 g c.150 g d.225 g
Q:
approximately how much iodized salt must be consumed to meet but not exceed the rda for iodine? a.1 mg b.1/2 teaspoon c.1 teaspoon d.1 tablespoon
Q:
if cows milk is found to contain unusually high levels of iodine, what is the most likely explanation? a.storage of milk in galvanized tanks b.grazing of cows on high-iodine soils c.addition of fortified salt at the milk processing plant d.exposure of cows to iodide-containing medications and disinfectants
Q:
which of the following is the richest source of iodine? a.corn b.seafood c.orange juice d.cruciferous vegetables
Q:
which of the following is a feature of iodine in nutrition? a.excessive intakes shrink the thyroid gland b.processed foods in the united states do not use iodized salt c.iodization of salt is mandatory in the united states but not in canada d.worldwide, the prevalence of iodine deficiency and iodine toxicity are approximately the same
Q:
which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization? a.it is an integral part of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone b.ingestion of plants of the cabbage family stimulates iodide uptake c.a deficiency or a toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland d.the amount in foods is unrelated to the amount of iodine present in the soil
Q:
you have just been hired by the world health organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency? a.fortify the salt with iodine b.promote free iodine supplements for all who want them c.educate the population to avoid all goitrogens in their diet d.educate the population to spend more time at the beach as seawater, sea mist, and seafood are sources of iodine
Q:
what is the origin of goitrogens in the diet? a.naturally occurring b.food industry additives c.excessive use of fortified salt d.hydrogenation of certain minerals
Q:
which of the following is a prominent feature of mild iodine deficiency in children? a.demineralization b.growth retardation c.discoloration of teeth d.poor performance in school
Q:
which of the following foods are known to contain goitrogens? a.shellfish b.whole grains c.cauliflower and broccoli d.blueberries and raspberries
Q:
a person ingesting large amounts of thyroid antagonist substances is at high risk of developing a.cretinism b.simple goiter c.high blood t3 levels d.high blood thyroxine levels
Q:
what is a goitrogen? a.one of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland b.a substance that enhances absorption of dietary iodide c.a substance that interferes with the functioning of the thyroid gland d.a compound used to supplement salt as a way to increase iodide intake
Q:
what nutrient deficiency during pregnancy may give rise to a child with cretinism? a.iodine b.copper c.chromium d.molybdenum
Q:
a woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with a.anemia b.rickets c.cretinism d.allergies
Q:
which of the following may result from iodine deficiency? a.gout b.goiter c.anemia d.hypertension
Q:
what is the response of the thyroid gland to an iodine deficiency? a.increase in its size to trap more iodine b.increase in its size to trap more thyroxine c.increased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone d.decreased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Q:
the most common cause of iodine deficiency is a.insufficient intake of iodine from foods b.overconsumption of other trace elements c.overconsumption of anti-thyroid substances d.pituitary deficiencies of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Q:
what is the primary function of the thyroid hormones? a.precursors for hemoglobin synthesis b.counteract a deficiency of goitrogens c.control the rate of oxygen use by cells d.regulate acetylcholine concentrations in the central nervous system
Q:
one of the thyroid gland hormones is called a.thyroxine b.goitrogen c.thiostimulating hormone d.tissue stimulating hormone
Q:
what mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine? a.iron b.copper c.iodine d.magnesium
Q:
goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of a.iron b.zinc c.iodine d.selenium
Q:
which of the following is not a feature of zinc supplements? a.they induce nausea and bad taste reactions when administered in zinc lozenges b.they reduce the incidence of goiter in developing countries c.they reduce the incidence of diarrhea-related deaths in children d.they reduce the incidence of pneumonia-related deaths in the elderly
Q:
commercially available zinc-containing lozenges are advertised as being effective against a.fatigue b.vitamin a toxicity c.the common cold d.slowing of the bmr
Q:
what formulation of zinc has been found somewhat effective in treating the symptoms of the common cold? a.zinc chelator b.zinc gluconate c.zinc plus ferrous iron d.zinc plus copper salt
Q:
under which of the following conditions are supplements of zinc reported to be beneficial? a.in the treatment of childhood infections b.in the treatment of menkes disease c.in the treatment of toxicity from certain vitamins d.in the treatment of slow growth syndrome in u.s. children
Q:
which of the following is not known to result from excessive zinc intake? a.inhibition of iron absorption b.galvanized liver and kidneys c.inhibition of copper absorption d.decreases in high-density lipoproteins
Q:
zinc content is highest in foods that also contain a large amount of a.fat b.fiber c.protein d.carbohydrate
Q:
which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc? a.nuts and oils b.milk and yogurt c.fruits and vegetables d.meats and whole-grain cereals
Q:
which of the following is not among the recognized symptoms of zinc deficiency? a.anemia b.altered taste acuity c.impaired vision in dim light d.increased susceptibility to infection
Q:
which of the following is not among the conditions associated with zinc deficiency? a.altered taste b.kidney failure c.abnormal night vision d.poor healing of wounds
Q:
deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children? a.iron b.zinc c.iodine d.chromium
Q:
what is the tolerable upper intake a.20 mg b.40 mg c.80 mg d.120 mg
Q:
which of the following is a known side effect of prolonged ingestion of excessive amounts of zinc supplements? a.iron toxicity due to increased ferritin synthesis b.zinc salt deposits in soft tissues such as the heart and kidneys c.copper deficiency due to interference with copper absorption d.mineral-binding protein deficiency due to a decrease in metallothionein production
Q:
which of the following conditions is known to lead to copper deficiency? a.excess zinc b.excess protein c.insufficient iodine d.insufficient calcium
Q:
what is the chief transport substance for zinc in the circulation? a.albumin b.metallothionein c.carbonic anhydrase d.high-density lipoproteins