Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? a.rice b.spinach c.chicken d.orange juice

Q: what percentage of the iron in a hamburger is nonheme iron? a.0 b.20 c.40 d.60

Q: what fraction of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron? a.1/100 b.1/10 c.1/3 d.

Q: how does vitamin c enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal? a.it activates transferrin b.it keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form c.it releases iron from the proteins in the stomach d.it complexes with iron and promotes mucosal transport

Q: which of the following characteristics is shared by zinc and iron? a.good food sources include dairy products b.proteins in the blood are needed for their transport c.severe deficiencies lead to delay in the onset of puberty d.doses of 10 times the rda may cause death in children

Q: which of the following is not among the characteristics shared by iron and zinc? a.absorption is inhibited by fiber b.absorption is inhibited by cows milk c.transport in the blood is primarily handled by albumin d.absorption rises with increased needs of the body

Q: which of the following is not among the body proteins directly involved in iron metabolism? a.ferritin b.transferrin c.hemosiderin d.metallothionein

Q: which of the following compounds provides a major storage reservoir for iron? a.ferritin b.myoglobin c.transferrin d.hemoglobin

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of iron absorption? a.mpf in plant foods enhances overall iron absorption b.ferritin in red meat interferes with ferrous iron absorption c.absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than nonheme iron d.transferrin released from pancreatic juice regulates iron uptake from mucosal cells

Q: which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues? a.albumin b.transferrin c.hemosiderin d.metallothionein

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport? a.albumin is the major iron transport protein in the blood b.transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow c.hemochromatosis results from an inability to absorb and transport iron d.ferritin functions by transporting iron from the spleen to the bone marrow

Q: if a persons body has a total of 5 grams of iron, how many grams would be found in the hemoglobin? a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4

Q: what is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells? a.transferrin b.myoglobin c.hemoglobin d.cytochrome

Q: what iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream? a.ferritin b.myoglobin c.transferrin d.hemoglobin

Q: what is the ionic state of ferric iron? a.+3 b.+2 c.-2 d.-3

Q: what is the ionic state of ferrous iron? a.-2 b.-1 c.+1 d.+2

Q: which of the following is not a general feature of the trace minerals? a.mild deficiencies are easy to overlook b.they are rarely found in dietary supplements c.most are toxic at only 2 1/2-7 times the requirements d.the amounts contained in supplements are free from regulation by the fda

Q: a measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed a.net utilization b.bioavailability c.biological value d.utilization efficiency

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals? a.a deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis b.the amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition c.deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults d.the amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams

Q: explain the risks associated with taking calcium supplements.

Q: a.discuss the bioavailability of the various calcium supplements. b.how can you easily test a supplement pills ability to dissolve?

Q: discuss the role of nutrients other than calcium in the support of bone health.

Q: outline the adverse effects and mechanisms of alcohol intake and of smoking on bone health.

Q: explain the association of leptin and bone health.

Q: discuss the role of physical activity in reducing the risk for osteoporosis.

Q: discuss the role of male and female hormones in calcium balance and bone loss.

Q: discuss the choices of diet and drugs for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in women.

Q: what dietary and metabolic factors are associated with poor calcium balance in older adults?

Q: discuss major risk factors in the development of osteoporosis. what population groups are most at risk? what dietary measures are advocated for high-risk groups?

Q: discuss the contributions of cortical bone and trabecular bone to the development of osteoporosis.

Q: compare and contrast trabecular bone and cortical bone formation and function.

Q: discuss the relationship of the dietary calcium-to-phosphorus ratio to bone health.

Q: list 5 nonmilk sources of calcium.

Q: define calcium rigor and calcium tetany. what role does dietary intake of calcium play in these disorders?

Q: explain the functions of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin d in the regulation of calcium metabolism.

Q: what are the features of the dash eating plan, and why is it thought to be effective in the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure?

Q: discuss the functions, deficiency and toxicity signs, food sources, and recommended intake of potassium.

Q: what are the major sources of sodium in the diet of the u.s. population? describe ways in which consumers can lower intakes of salt in their diets.

Q: explain the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension. what are the roles of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in regulating blood pressure?

Q: identify some of the common substances found in foods that combine with minerals to form complexes the body cannot absorb. in what foods are they found and what minerals are affected?

Q: contrast the properties of minerals with those of vitamins.

Q: explain the role of respiration in the regulation of body fluids ph.

Q: explain the interaction of blood bicarbonate and carbonic acid in the regulation of body ph.

Q: describe the role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance.

Q: under what circumstances and for what reasons would a health-care worker recommend the use of oral rehydration therapy?

Q: what is meant by the expression: water follows electrolytes?

Q: in what ways do the gi tract and the kidney function to help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? how does the body defend itself when faced with conditions that induce excessive water and mineral losses (e.g. sweating; diarrhea)?

Q: explain the roles of hormones in helping to regulate the bodys water balance.

Q: compare and contrast the effects of consuming hard water and soft water.

Q: compare and contrast the following types of water: distilled, filtered, mineral, public, purified, and spring.

Q: list the sources of water intake and loss and the approximate amounts associated with each.

Q: list the signs of dehydration as loss of body water progresses from slight to severe.

Q: explain the meaning and significance of water intoxication.

Q: discuss the advantages of a liberal daily intake of water.

Q: list 6 different functions for water in the body.

Q: matching 1>typical amount (in ml) of water lost from lungs every day 2>recommended water intake (in ml) for infant expending 1,000 kcalories 3>enzyme released by kidneys 4>stimulates retention of sodium by kidneys 5>stimulates retention of water by kidneys 6>a cation 7>an anion 8>number of times more acidic a substance with ph of 4 is versus a substance with ph of 2 9>most prevalent major mineral in the body 10>catalyst for atp formation 11>crystalline structure of bone 12>hormone that helps regulate calcium balance 13>percentage of dietary calcium absorbed by average adult 14>recommended calcium intake (mg/day) for college-age students 15>percentage of dietary calcium absorbed by newborn infants 16>substance that inhibits absorption of calcium 17>amount of calcium, in mg, in 2 cups of milk 18>the protein in milk is a good source of this mineral 19>substance that enhances absorption of calcium 20>mineral that accounts for the structure of many proteins a.30 b.55 c.100 d.350 e.600 f.1000 g.1500 h.renin i.sulfur j.calcium k.vitamin d l.magnesium m.phosphorous n.oxalate o.aldosterone p.parathyroid hormone q.hydroxyapatite r.antidiuretic hormone s.potassium in solution t.phosphate in solution

Q: what is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously? a.absorption of iron is reduced b.absorption of iron is improved c.excretion of iron in the urine is reduced d.excretion of iron in the urine is enhanced

Q: how many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate? a.100 b.200 c.350 d.500

Q: among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium? a.calcium citrate b.calcium lactate c.calcium carbonate d.calcium gluconate

Q: which of the following is not among common side effects of taking a high-dose calcium supplement? a.constipation b.excessive gas c.intestinal bloating d.increased iron absorption

Q: among the following calcium supplements, which is most calcium-dense? a.calcium citrate b.calcium lactate c.calcium carbonate d.calcium gluconate

Q: for optimal utilization of calcium supplements, it is best to take them several times a day, in doses up to a.100 mg b.200 mg c.500 mg d.800 mg

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use? a.taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium b.taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron c.supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate d.small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach

Q: which of the following is not a characteristic of alcohol and bone health? a.alcohol intake promotes urinary calcium loss b.even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density c.bone breakdown is enhanced by excess alcohol consumption d.hormones involved in bone maintenance are adversely affected by alcohol intake

Q: among the following calcium supplements, which is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals? a.oyster shells b.calcium lactate c.calcium citrate d.calcium carbonate

Q: which of the following is a feature of calcium supplements? a.common antacids are used as a source of calcium b.the bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than from milk c.there are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various supplements d.the calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate

Q: which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers? a.the recommended intake is higher for girls than boys b.the recommended intake is 800-1,000 mg for this population group c.the intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food d.the dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group

Q: which of the following is not among the features of bone health and smoking? a.bone density appears to recover in former smokers b.older smokers have less dense bones than older nonsmokers c.sedentary smokers have less dense bones than sedentary nonsmokers d.smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate

Q: which of the following is not a feature of body weight and bone health? a.weight loss adversely affects bone density b.negative energy balance typically reduces calcium absorption c.a low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people d.people with bmis over 30 have denser bones than their counterparts with bmis around 25

Q: which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health? a.dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density b.weight training improves bone density in young but not older women c.working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density d.weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents

Q: what component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health? a.fiber b.protein c.calcium d.phytochemicals

Q: the primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to a.greater kidney retention of calcium b.the presence of bioavailable calcium c.more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation d.the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals

Q: which of the following is not known to be a risk factor for osteoporosis in men? a.high bmi b.alcohol abuse c.corticosteroid use d.low testosterone levels

Q: estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often rejected because it may increase risk for a.cancer b.heart disease c.hypertension d.diverticulosis

Q: anabolic drug treatments for osteoporosis work chiefly by a.stimulating estrogen release b.enhancing osteoblast activity c.stimulating calcium absorption d.reducing renal calcium excretion

Q: antiresorptive drug treatments for osteoporosis work primarily by a.stimulating parathormone release b.inhibiting kidney excretion of calcium c.stimulating intestinal calcium absorption d.inhibiting the activities of the bone-degrading cells

Q: after age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis? a.sex b.tobacco use c.calcium intake d.physical activity level

Q: approximately what percentage of people with osteoporosis are female? a.24 b.50 c.67 d.95

Q: a persons highest bone density is achieved by around age (years) a.18 b.30 c.55 d.70

Q: the development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women? a.3 years later b.10 years later c.about the same d.4 years earlier