Q&A Hero

Q: sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. his doctor recommended adopting the dash diet plan. along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. how much salt (g) would be allowed under sams restriction? a.5 b.6.5 c.8 d.9.5

Q: what percentage of people with normal blood pressure are salt sensitive? a.10 b.25 c.50 d.100

Q: how much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5g? a.100 mg b.125 mg c.1,000 mg d.2,500 mg

Q: the dash diet plan was devised to prevent a.dehydration b.constipation c.osteoporosis d.hypertension

Q: which of the following is not among the population groups recommended to restrict sodium intake to 1500 mg/day? a.caucasians <50 years old b.african-americans c.people with chronic kidney disease d.people with diabetes

Q: what is another term for hypertension? a.high blood sodium b.high blood pressure c.excessive mental stress d.excessive muscular contraction

Q: normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day? a.intake is higher b.excretion is higher c.intake and excretion are equal d.excretion is unrelated to intake

Q: in a healthy individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt? a.equilibrium b.slight positive balance c.strong positive balance d.moderate positive balance

Q: which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual? a.blood pressure increases as salt intake rises b.immune system is activated when salt intake increases c.muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted d.thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food

Q: which of the following is a feature of the minerals in nutrition? a.some minerals are destroyed by heat b.some minerals are destroyed by uv light c.much care is needed to preserve minerals during food preparation d.once minerals enter the bloodstream, they remain in the body until excreted

Q: which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body? a.sodium b.chloride c.calcium d.potassium

Q: which of the following is a general property of the minerals? a.when a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash b.absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals c.minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods d.some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light

Q: what is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body? a.activates angiotensin b.activates angiotensinogen c.helps with gastric digestion d.helps maintain acid-base balance

Q: what organ functions as the chief regulator of the bodys acid-base balance by controlling the bicarbonate concentration? a.skin b.liver c.kidneys d.stomach

Q: which of the following does not play an important role in acid-base balance? a.the liver b.the lungs c.the kidneys d.blood buffers

Q: which of the following is not among the common participants in the regulation of body fluid ph? a.proteins b.oxalic acid c.bicarbonate d.carbonic acid

Q: the normal blood ph range is approximately a.6.80-7.15 b.6.98-7.12 c.7.35-7.45 d.7.55-8.55

Q: which of the following is not a typical ingredient in an oral rehydration therapy formula? a.salt b.water c.sugar d.protein

Q: when a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity? a.sodium and chloride b.bicarbonate and sulfate c.calcium and magnesium d.potassium and phosphate

Q: what is the sodium-potassium pump? a.a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell b.a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell c.a mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation d.a mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration

Q: what is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated? a.buffer action b.osmotic pressure c.permeable selectivity d.electrolyte imbalance

Q: what is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane? a.hypotension b.hypertension c.osmotic pressure d.hypertonic pressure

Q: which of the following is not among the properties of electrolytes? a.they attract water b.they are charged particles c.they can carry an electrical current d.they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles

Q: the concentration of electrolyte charges is measured in a.solute minerals b.milliequivalents c.ionic dissociates d.total atomic masses

Q: what is the major intracellular cation? a.sodium b.calcium c.phosphate d.potassium

Q: what is the major extracellular cation? a.sodium b.sulfate c.protein d.potassium

Q: what is the major intracellular anion? a.protein b.sodium c.phosphate d.bicarbonate

Q: what is the major extracellular anion? a.sodium b.lactate c.sulfate d.chloride

Q: which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution? a.dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water b.vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water c.dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water d.vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water

Q: ions that carry a positive charge are called a.anions b.cations c.mineralytes d.valence ions

Q: what is the function of renin? a.activates angiotensin b.activates antidiuretic hormone c.stimulates the thirst mechanism d.stimulates water absorption from the gi tract

Q: among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels, resulting in elevation of blood pressure? a.phytates b.angiotensin c.aldosterone d.carbonic acid

Q: aldosterone and renin each function to promote a.electrolyte balance b.retention of sodium c.excretion of calcium d.constriction of blood vessels

Q: which of the following is not among the factors that are effective in regulating the bodys water balance? a.adrenaline b.aldosterone c.angiotensin d.antidiuretic hormone

Q: what pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water? a.thyroxine b.cortisone c.epinephrine d.antidiuretic hormone

Q: how does antidiuretic hormone function? a.it activates renin b.it activates angiotension c.it stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys d.it stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

Q: what organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? a.liver b.heart c.kidneys d.skeletal muscle

Q: which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals? a.soft water b.hard water c.natural water d.distilled water

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance? a.caffeine inhibits water absorption from the gi tract b.caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea c.regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume d.habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

Q: habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate a.scurvy b.diabetes c.hypertension d.megaloblastic anemia

Q: which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water? a.sodium b.calcium c.magnesium d.phosphorus

Q: approximately how many ml of water/day are produced by metabolism? a.100 b.250 c.500 d.750

Q: the approximate percentage of water in pizza is a.5 b.15 c.30 d.45

Q: the minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed a.life supporting fluid loss b.mandatory water fraction c.obligatory water excretion d.minimum daily water requirement

Q: approximately how much water is contained in a loaf of bread? a.2% of the loaf b.5% of the loaf c.20% of the loaf d.35% of the loaf

Q: what is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories? a.250 ml b.650 ml c.1,250 ml d.2,500 ml

Q: what is the minimum amount of water (ml) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the bodys waste products? a.100 b.250 c.500 d.1,000

Q: the average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately a.0 to 0.5 liters b.0.5 to 1.5 liters c.2.0 liters d.4.0 liters

Q: which of the following is a feature of water? a.not a vital nutrient b.not found in foods c.oxidized to yield energy d.generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Q: abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as a.hypertension b.hyponatremia c.hyperkalemia d.water intoxication

Q: what minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite? a.1-2 b.3-4 c.5-6 d.7-8

Q: what minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a persons physical performance? a.1-2% b.3-4% c.5-9% d.10-15%

Q: which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition? a.water intoxication is rare but can result in death b.water losses from the body are highest through the feces c.chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer d.soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium

Q: where is interstitial water found? a.within cells b.between cells c.within the lungs d.within blood vessels

Q: which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? a.brain stem b.cerebellum c.optic nerve d.hypothalamus

Q: all of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except a.thirst b.fatigue c.weakness d.spastic muscles

Q: in the body, water that resides between cells is known as a.diuretic fluid b.interstitial fluid c.edematous fluid d.intravascular fluid

Q: among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water? a.elderly b.children c.obese people d.female adolescents

Q: which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? a.iron b.water c.protein d.calcium

Q: which of the following is not a function of water in the body? a.lubricant b.source of energy c.maintains protein structure d.participant in chemical reactions

Q: what fraction of lean tissue represents the water content? a.1/10 b.1/3 c.1/2 d.3/4

Q: what is the bodys most indispensable nutrient? a.fat b.water c.protein d.glucose

Q: approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person? a.34 b.65 c.80 d.105

Q: why can antioxidants behave differently in the body depending upon their level of intake?

Q: discuss the pros and cons of taking antioxidant supplements.

Q: discuss the advantages of increasing the intake of phytochemicals from food rather than from supplements.

Q: discuss the similarities between vitamins c and e in defending against heart disease.

Q: how are supplements of vitamins c and e thought to benefit individuals who have risk factors for heart disease?

Q: discuss the scientific evidence for the role of dietary antioxidants in reducing risk for chronic diseases.

Q: discuss the beneficial effects of antioxidant supplements on risk for cancer and heart disease.

Q: explain the relationship between free radicals and degenerative diseases.

Q: discuss the beneficial and adverse effects of free radicals.

Q: compare and contrast the risks for toxicity among the fat-soluble vitamins.

Q: discuss the conditions under which deficiencies of vitamin k are most likely to occur.

Q: what are the major food and non-food sources of vitamin k? what factors may adversely affect vitamin k nutrition in the body?

Q: discuss the role of vitamin k in bone metabolism.

Q: discuss food sources and stability of vitamin e.

Q: how is vitamin e thought to prevent hemolytic anemia?

Q: describe the known functions of vitamin e and proposed therapeutic treatment for specific disorders.

Q: distinguish between hemolytic anemia and erythrocyte hemolysis.