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Q:
list the different forms of vitamin e found in the diet as well as their vitamin e activity in the body. what are the major food sources of vitamin e?
Q:
discuss factors that inhibit the synthesis of vitamin d.
Q:
why does overexposure to the sun not result in vitamin d toxicity?
Q:
explain the difficulties in obtaining the recommended amounts of vitamin d from the diet.
Q:
discuss risk for vitamin d toxicity from the diet, supplements, and sunlight exposure.
Q:
why do the elderly have increased risk for deficiency of vitamin d?
Q:
what population groups are prone to vitamin d deficiency and why?
Q:
compare and contrast the characteristics of the two deficiency diseases osteomalacia and rickets.
Q:
how does vitamin d function to raise blood levels of calcium and phosphorus?
Q:
describe how the body can synthesize active vitamin d with the help of sunlight.
Q:
discuss the availability of preformed and precursor vitamin a.
Q:
under what circumstances and for what reasons may intake of beta-carotene become harmful?
Q:
why are children more likely than others to be affected by vitamin a toxicity?
Q:
why is the eye especially vulnerable to vitamin a degradation at night?
Q:
distinguish between the roles of vitamin a in preventing night blindness and permanent blindness.
Q:
what is the role of vitamin a supplementation for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, especially measles, in developing countries?
Q:
explain the role of vitamin a in growth and reproduction.
Q:
explain the mechanism associated with the function of vitamin a in the visual response.
Q:
explain why vitamin a and vitamin d may function as hormones rather than as vitamins.
Q:
outline the interconversions of the different forms of vitamin a, and the chief functions of each form.
Q:
matching 1>transport protein of vitamin a 2>promotes bone dismantling prior to bone growth 3>condition that results from severe vitamin a deficiency 4>the protein of hair and nails 5>chronic inflammation of skin follicles and oil-producing glands 6>pigment in carrots and pumpkins 7>precursor for vitamin d synthesis 8>vitamin d deficiency disease in children 9>vitamin d deficiency disease in adults 10>a vitamin k-dependent transport protein 11>may be beneficial for treating fibrocystic breast disease 12>vitamin e deficiency disorder in premature infants 13>typical food source of vitamin e 14>type of anemia prevented by vitamin e 15>substance that promotes synthesis of prothrombin 16>another term for blood clotting 17>use of this increases risk for vitamin k deficiency 18>substance that prevents clotting of the blood 19>composition of a blood clot 20>food source of vitamin k a.acne b.rickets c.keratin d.hemolytic e.carotene f.vitamin a g.vitamin e h.vitamin k i.cholesterol j.coagulation k.antibiotics l.osteomalacia m.calbindin n.xerophthalmia o.anticoagulant p.fibrin q.vegetable oils r.erythrocyte hemolysis s.green leafy vegetables t.retinol-binding protein
Q:
which of the following is a feature of antioxidants and health? a.dietary antioxidants protect against free radical formation but not against dna damage b.beta-carotene supplements have actually been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers c.diet surveys show that most of the u.s. population consumes recommended amounts of antioxidant nutrients d.people who eat foods rich in vitamin e still have the same level of atherosclerotic plaques as consumers who dont
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin c and vitamin e? a.both protect against ldl oxidation b.neither reduces arterial inflammation c.neither participates in regulating blood clotting d.both act as prooxidants at physiological intakes
Q:
substances that promote oxidation are usually termed a.prooxidants b.antioxidants c.free radical generators d.reactive electron oxidants
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? a.they are destroyed by cigarette smoking b.they arise from normal metabolic reactions c.they typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides d.they are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients
Q:
what is a free radical? a.an antioxidant substance that prevents accumulation of cell-damaging oxides b.a substance in food that interacts with nutrients to decrease their utilization c.a nutrient in excess of body needs that the body is free to degrade with no consequence d.a molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons
Q:
which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? a.retinol b.tocopherol c.phylloquinone d.cyanocobalamin
Q:
what is the adult ai for vitamin k? a.45-60 g b.90-120 g c.150-300 g d.500-550 g
Q:
approximately what percentage of the bodys store of vitamin k is derived from gi tract bacterial synthesis? a.less than 5 b.25 c.50 d.85
Q:
which of the following is a major form of vitamin k in foods? a.ergodione b.ergoquinone c.tocopherone d.phylloquinone
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin k? a.deficiencies lead to intravascular clotting b.major dietary sources are whole grains and legumes c.no adverse effects have been reported with high intakes d.primary deficiencies are more common than secondary deficiencies
Q:
what population group has the highest risk for vitamin k deficiency? a.adults b.elderly c.newborns d.teenagers
Q:
knowing the role of vitamin k in the body, in what organ would you expect to find it in large quantities? a.liver b.pancreas c.gallbladder d.small intestine
Q:
which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns? a.vitamin a b.vitamin e c.vitamin k d.vitamin b12
Q:
which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a.a b.e c.k d.d
Q:
all of the following are features of vitamin k in nutrition except a.infants frequently require a supplement at birth b.good food sources are plants of the cabbage family c.risk of deficiency is increased in people taking antibiotics for prolonged periods d.gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin k nutrition? a.deficiency may lead to hemophilia b.toxicity may increase risk for hemophilia c.absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes d.supplements are highly effective against osteoporosis
Q:
jennifer has just had a baby. when she brings thomas home, she regales you with the details of her hospital stay. she mentions that shortly after the birth, thomas received an intramuscular injection of vitamin k, and she wondered why this was done, as it made him cry. you explained that it a.was needed to prevent eye disease b.prevented possible bleeding events c.protected the baby from lipid oxidation d.was needed to promote good bone growth
Q:
of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin k deficiency? a.achlorhydria b.antibiotic therapy c.presence of oxalic acid in food d.insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables
Q:
which of the following is a feature of osteocalcin? a.it activates lysosomes involved in remodeling bone b.it binds calcium in the gi tract to enhance absorption c.it requires vitamin k to bind to bone-forming minerals d.it works synergistically with the kidneys to reduce urinary calcium excretion
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin k? a.a deficiency increases the risk for hemophilia b.a deficiency leads to keratinization of the cornea c.bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin k d.there are multiple forms in the diet, of which menadione is the naturally occurring form
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin k? a.it participates in synthesis of bone proteins b.large amounts can be stored in adipose tissue c.good food sources are legumes and raw fruits d.intestinal bacterial synthesis provides over 90% of the bodys need for most people
Q:
what feature is shared by vitamins e and k? a.deficiencies of either lead to anemia b.both have strong antioxidant properties c.neither is involved in bone development d.supplements of either may interfere with anticlotting medications
Q:
in what chief capacity does vitamin k function? a.blood clotting b.energy metabolism c.calcium utilization d.epithelial tissue renewal
Q:
which of the following is known to require vitamin k for its synthesis? a.albumin b.gi mucosa c.prothrombin d.mucopolysaccharides
Q:
what is prothrombin? a.a storage protein for vitamin k b.a transport protein for vitamin e c.a protein needed for bone formation d.a protein needed for blood clot formation
Q:
which of the following properties do vitamins d and k share? a.both are synthesized in the body b.both are required for normal vision c.neither has an effect on bone metabolism d.neither has an effect on erythrocyte function
Q:
which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols? a.good food sources include lean meats and dairy b.the various tocopherols perform similar roles in the body c.they are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats d.the various tocopherol compounds can be converted to the active alpha-tocopherol
Q:
increasing the amount of polyunsaturated fats in the diet increases the need for vitamin a.a b.e c.k d.d
Q:
in comparison with the rda for vitamin e, about how many fold higher is the tolerable upper intake a.2 b.10 c.25 d.65
Q:
which of the following is an especially rich source of vitamin e? a.butter b.carrots c.milk fat d.wheat germ oil
Q:
which of the following are major sources of vitamin e in the diet? a.meats b.citrus fruits c.vegetable oils d.milk and dairy products
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin e in foods? a.vitamin e is fairly stable to heat b.most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin e c.saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin e d.the amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated
Q:
which of the following is a property of the tocopherols? a.easily destroyed by air and oxygen b.act as precursors for the menaquinones c.may dissolve from foods into cooking water d.absorbed from the intestines into the portal circulation
Q:
to convert the number of tocopherol equivalents to alpha-tocopherol, multiply by the factor a.0.8 b.1.4 c.2.0 d.3.3
Q:
which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin e therapy? a.diabetes b.pernicious anemia c.muscular dystrophy d.intermittent claudication
Q:
there is some evidence for benefits from vitamin e supplements in all of the following groups except a.premature infants b.people with intermittent claudication c.women with fibrocystic breast disease d.people with problems of sexual impotence
Q:
why are primary vitamin e deficiencies rarely observed in human beings? a.the vitamin is not essential b.the vitamin is widespread in foods c.most people take vitamin e supplements d.the vitamin can be synthesized by the body
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin e? a.functions as a hormone-like substance b.toxicity symptoms include bone abnormalities c.deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids d.important food sources include enriched breads and pasta
Q:
which of the following disorders may result from vitamin e deficiency in people? a.rickets b.xerophthalmia c.muscular dystrophy d.erythrocyte hemolysis
Q:
which of the following vitamins is least associated with the process of bone remodeling? a.a b.k c.e d.d
Q:
what form of tocopherol shows vitamin e activity in the human body? a.alpha b.beta c.gamma d.delta
Q:
the major function of vitamin e is to inhibit the destruction of a.lysosomes b.free radicals c.mucopolysaccharides d.polyunsaturated fatty acids
Q:
how is vitamin e thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? a.it inhibits absorption of dietary cholesterol b.it slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins c.it interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver d.it speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver
Q:
which of the following features do vitamins c and e share? a.both function as antioxidants b.both require bile for absorption c.neither participates in protein synthesis d.neither is affected by the processing of foods
Q:
what is the role of vitamin e in the metabolism of free radicals? a.carrier b.promoter c.eliminator d.synthesizer
Q:
the main function of vitamin e in the body is to act as a(n) a.peroxide b.coenzyme c.antioxidant d.free radical
Q:
which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins? a.a b.e c.k d.d
Q:
absorption efficiency of vitamin d supplements is markedly improved when they are taken a.with a large meal b.with a small meal c.with orange juice d.on an empty stomach
Q:
what is the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin d in individuals around 20 years of age? a.5 g b.10 g c.15 g d.20 g
Q:
which of the following is not a feature of vitamin d nutrition? a.a dietary source is oily fish b.the dri fails to account for skin synthesis of vitamin d c.excessive exposure to the sun increases risk for vitamin d toxicity d.people who are not outdoors are advised to drink at least 2 cups of vitamin d-fortified milk daily
Q:
which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin d? a.egg yolks b.red meats c.tomato juice d.whole-wheat bread
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin d synthesis? a.tanning lamps and tanning booths do not stimulate vitamin d synthesis b.sunscreens with sunburn protection factors of 2 and above prevent synthesis of vitamin d c.the ultraviolet rays of the sun are able to easily pierce heavy clouds and smog to promote vitamin d synthesis d.dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin d
Q:
which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin d in the diet? a.meat b.fortified milk c.fruits and vegetables d.enriched breads and cereals
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin d? a.toxicity from vitamin d may result from overexposure to the sun b.requirements are much higher in the elderly due to degenerative bone diseases c.fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source d.absorption from most food sources is very poor, necessitating the enrichment of grain products
Q:
which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney? a.excessive intake of vitamin d b.inadequate intake of vitamin d c.excessive intake of tocopherols d.inadequate intake of tocopherols
Q:
which of the following enables much of the worlds population to maintain adequate vitamin d status? a.outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight b.wide availability of low-cost fish products c.wide availability of food assistance programs d.world health organization distribution of vitamin d capsules
Q:
which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin d nutrition? a.vitamin d deficiency may be created by a calcium deficiency b.only about one-half of the worlds population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin d nutrition c.prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin d precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin d toxicity d.in people living in northern u.s. cities, vitamin d stores from synthesis during the summer are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter
Q:
which of the following is a feature of vitamin d? a.the bioavailability of vitamin d from soy milk is low b.lifeguards on southern beaches have increased risk for vitamin d toxicity c.most adults living in the southern united states need small amounts of dietary vitamin d d.the average consumption in the united states does not meet the recommended intake
Q:
your old friend from high school has just moved to northern canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. she typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. since your friend only purchases organic and all-natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store? a.whole-grain bread b.vitamin d-fortified milk c.vitamin a-fortified carrot juice d.omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk