Q&A Hero

Q: in addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates? a.water and carbon dioxide b.carbon, hydrogen, and urea c.indigestible fiber and nitrogen d.monosaccharides and amino acids

Q: what are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids? a.urea and acetone b.fatty acids and glycerol c.carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d.water, carbon dioxide, and energy

Q: when protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is a.stored as fat only b.excreted in the feces c.stored as amino acids only d.stored as glycogen and fat

Q: if the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the bodys needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? a.fatty acids b.acetyl coa c.amino acids d.carbon dioxide

Q: when energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat? a.fat only b.carbohydrate only c.fat and carbohydrate only d.fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Q: which of the following leads to the production of urea? a.oxidation of glucose b.oxidation of amino acids c.incomplete oxidation of fatty acids d.synthesis of protein from amino acids

Q: after digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to a.removal of its amino group b.removal of its carboxyl group c.hydrolysis of its peptide bond d.condensation of its peptide bond

Q: what is the immediate fate of excess dietary protein in the body? a.stored b.reduced c.oxidized d.deaminated

Q: all of the following may serve as precursors for oxaloacetate synthesis except a.fat b.starch c.glucose d.protein

Q: where do the tca cycle reactions take place? a.golgi b.endoplasmic reticulum c.nucleus of the mitochondria d.inner compartment of the mitochondria

Q: an immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of a.glycolysis b.the tca cycle c.lactate synthesis d.ketone formation

Q: which of the following cannot be used to make body proteins? a.glucose b.glycerol c.fatty acids d.amino acids

Q: which of the following dietary components cannot be used to synthesize and store glycogen? a.lactose b.animal fats c.wheat starch d.plant protein

Q: how many acetyl coa molecules may be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid? a.3 b.6 c.9 d.18

Q: what percentage (by weight) of a triglyceride molecule can be converted to glucose? a.0 b.5 c.50 d.100

Q: approximately what percentage of the weight of triglycerides cannot be converted to glucose? a.70 b.80 c.90 d.95

Q: which of the following compounds cannot be formed from fatty acids? a.ketones b.glucose c.acetyl coa d.carbon dioxide

Q: in a triglyceride that contains 54 carbon atoms, how many can become part of glucose? a.3 b.9 c.54 d.108

Q: production of excessive amounts of acetyl coa molecules leads to the synthesis of a.fatty acids only b.fatty acids and glucose only c.fatty acids and fructose only d.fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids

Q: fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of a.ketones b.fructose c.pyruvate d.acetyl coa

Q: what is the first product of fatty acid catabolism? a.glycerol b.pyruvate c.acetyl coa d.triglycerides

Q: which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl coa? a.degradation to urea b.synthesis to glycerol c.synthesis to fatty acids d.degradation to ammonia

Q: which of the following nutrients can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons? a.glucose b.fructose c.glycogen d.fatty acids

Q: which of the following is a possible metabolic reaction in the cell? a.pyruvate to urea b.lactate to pyruvate c.acetyl coa to pyruvate d.carbon dioxide to glycerol

Q: which of the following is not a possible fate of metabolized glucose? a.urea b.acetyl coa c.amino acids d.muscle glycogen

Q: when a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more a.lactate b.glucose c.citric acid d.fatty acids

Q: your roommate demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. you explain to demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in ph within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to a.lactate b.glycerol c.acetyl coa d.amino acids

Q: the cori cycle involves the interconversion of a.lactate and glucose b.glucose and amino acids c.pyruvate and citric acids d.fatty acids and acetyl coa

Q: an aerobic reaction is one that requires a.alcohol b.oxygen c.nitrogen d.ammonia

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of lactate production by muscle cells? a.it occurs only during intense exercise b.when rapid it causes muscle fatigue c.the lactate produced may eventually be used by the liver for glucose production d,it lowers ph of the muscle cell, thereby lowering muscle performance

Q: which of the following is not a 3-carbon compound? a.lactate b.glycerol c.pyruvate d.acetyl coa

Q: which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism? a.little or no oxygen is consumed b.lactic acid is a major byproduct c.energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism d.pyruvate is converted to glucose by reverse glycolysis to yield a net of 2 atps

Q: which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? a.cori cycle, tca cycle, glycolysis b.glycolysis, tca cycle, electron transport chain c.electron transport chain, tca cycle, cori cycle d.tca cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

Q: which of the following is not an aspect of glycolysis? a.it is irreversible b.it generates atp c.it occurs in the absence of oxygen d.it generates two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose

Q: the series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as a.pyrolysis b.glycolysis c.beta-oxidation d.coupled reaction

Q: glycolysis is the conversion of a.glycogen to fat b.glycogen to protein c.glucose to pyruvate d.glucose to glycogen

Q: which of the following cannot be formed from pyruvate in human beings? a.glucose b.fructose c.lactic acid d.linoleic acid

Q: which of the following cannot be formed from acetyl coa molecules? a.glucose b.cholesterol c.stearic acid d.carbon dioxide

Q: when a balanced diet is consumed, approximately what percentage of the bodys energy expenditure is furnished by amino acids? a.1 to 5 b.10 to 15 c.25 to 35 d.50 to 65

Q: which of the following is not a basic unit derived from food? a.glycerol b.starches c.fatty acids d.amino acids

Q: what is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? a.atp b.glucose c.pyruvate d.a kcalorie

Q: which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy? a.atp gains a phosphate group and becomes adp b.adp gains a phosphate group and becomes atp c.atp releases a phosphate group and becomes adp d.adp releases a phosphate group and becomes atp

Q: the hydrolysis of atp that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of a.coupled reactions b.tandem cleavages c.metabolic couplings d.high-energy processes

Q: which of the following defines a coenzyme? a.a unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus atp b.an organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme c.the small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants d.an inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors

Q: in the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as a.heat b.photons c.carbon dioxide d.electromagnetic radiation

Q: what is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to atp energy in the body? a.20 b.50 c.80 d.99

Q: which of the following is not among the functions of the liver? a.synthesis of urea b.synthesis of glycogen c.production of red blood cells d.conversion of fructose to fatty acids

Q: which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction? a.glucose formation from glycerol b.pyruvate formation from glucose c.albumin formation from amino acids d.palmitic acid formation from acetate

Q: the formation of glycogen by the liver cell is an example of a.oxidation b.glycolysis c.anabolism d.catabolism

Q: which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction? a.pyruvate synthesis from glucose b.acetyl coa synthesis from cholesterol c.carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid d.cholesterol synthesis from acetyl coa molecules

Q: the site of lipid synthesis in the cell is the a.nucleus b.golgi bodies c.mitochondria d.smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Q: what term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules? a.anabolic b.catabolic c.ergogenic d.gluconeogenic

Q: a feature of catabolic reactions is that they a.involve release of energy b.occur only in mitochondria c.involve consumption of energy d.occur only during loss of body weight

Q: a typical cell contains powerhouses, which is another name for the a.dna b.ribosomes c.mitochondria d.electron transport chains

Q: in photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize a.carbohydrates only b.fats and carbohydrates only c.protein and carbohydrates only d.fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Q: which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells? a.digestion b.metabolism c.absorption d.catabolism

Q: discuss the contributory roles of genes and environment on prevention and treatment of disease.

Q: explain how snps are involved in gene expression, especially in relation to a persons blood lipid profile.

Q: compare and contrast the features of a single-gene disorder and a multigene disorder.

Q: what is meant by a predisposition to a disease?

Q: describe the signs and symptoms of phenylketonuria. what is the cause and what is the treatment?

Q: provide examples of how the dietary habits of grandparents can influence the bodys metabolism and susceptibility to disease in future generations.

Q: provide several examples of beneficial and adverse consequences of activating or silencing gene expression.

Q: discuss the use and misuse of protein and amino acid supplements in athletes and in the general population.

Q: list population groups for which amino acid dietary supplements are especially inappropriate.

Q: three people each weigh 160 lbs. one of them is very active and is in energy balance at 3,000 kcal/day, a second one is sedentary and consumes 2,000 kcal/day, and a third is dieting and ingests only 1,000 kcal/day. if their protein intakes all met the rda, would each also meet the protein amdr?

Q: what are the assumptions made by the dri committee in setting the rda for protein?

Q: what are the possible consequences of consuming too much protein? what are the hazards of consuming amino acid supplements?

Q: explain the association between adult bone loss and protein intake.

Q: explain the proposed relationships between: a.body homocysteine levels and heart disease. b.protein intake and calcium metabolism.

Q: what is a limiting amino acid? what are the four amino acids most likely to be limiting in protein nutrition?

Q: explain the rationale for the selection of a reference protein for the comparison of protein quality. why is this reference protein considered to be superior to egg protein?

Q: compare and contrast the quality of protein foods derived from animals versus plants.

Q: what is meant by nitrogen balance? how does it differ among infants, adults, and those who are injured or on weight-loss diets?

Q: what are the signs and symptoms of sickle-cell anemia and what causes it?

Q: list and define 5 major roles of proteins in the body.

Q: describe the processes involved in cellular protein synthesis. how would synthesis be affected by intake of an otherwise adequate diet which is very low in glycine or low in tryptophan? how would synthesis be affected by a diet that is low in energy?

Q: explain the manner in which a gene becomes expressed to direct the synthesis of a protein.

Q: what are the differences between transcription and translation in the synthesis of proteins?

Q: explain the processes of protein digestion and absorption.