Q&A Hero

Q: nancy is having difficulty digesting fatty foods. after seeing her doctor, who found no evidence of inflammation, she says that she must now see a specialist to determine why she is having trouble releasing bile from her gallbladder. what hormone is most likely functioning improperly for nancy? a.cck b.gastrin c.secretin d.lipostimulin

Q: the presence of fat in the intestines stimulates cells of the intestinal wall to release a.lipase b.gastrin c.secretin d.cholecystokinin

Q: jenny has just has undergone a cholecystectomy. after recovery, jenny will no longer a.be able to manufacture bile b.have an extra reservoir for bile c.be able to digest carbohydrates d.have an extra reservoir for pancreatic juices

Q: what are the usual consequences of removing a diseased gallbladder? a.inability to digest fats b.some damage to the pancreas c.inability to digest carbohydrates d.delivery of bile directly to the small intestine

Q: which of the following is not among the functions of cholecystokinin? a.triggering release of bile b.slowing gi tract motility c.triggering release of gastrin d.triggering release of pancreatic fluid

Q: what is/are the primary target organ(s) for the action of cholecystokinin? a.pancreas only b.stomach only c.gallbladder only d.gallbladder and pancreas

Q: which of the following nutrients requires the greatest time for digestion? a.fats b.water c.minerals d.carbohydrates

Q: which of the following is a characteristic of pancreatic digestive enzyme function? a.the major hormone controlling the release of pancreatic enzymes is gastrin b.the release of pancreatic enzymes is controlled primarily by a pancreatic sphincter c.the pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet d.in general, the amounts of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas remain constant over a wide range of nutrient intakes

Q: which of the following stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice? a.gastrin b.secretin c.glucagon d.gastric-inhibitory peptide

Q: which of the following substances functions to control the release of hydrochloric acid to prevent excessive acidity? a.fiber b.gastrin c.secretin d.bicarbonate

Q: which of the following regulates the ph of the stomach? a.gastrin b.insulin c.secretin d.cholecystokinin

Q: what is the normal ph of stomach juice? a.0.25-0.50 b.1.5-1.7 c.7.0-7.5 d.9.5-9.75

Q: what two systems coordinate all digestive/ absorptive processes? a.enzyme and thoracic b.portal and lymphatic c.nervous and endocrine d.transport and circulatory

Q: the maintenance of the bodys constant internal conditions is guided by the principle known as a.homeostasis b.bios systems c.central control d.hormone balance

Q: which of the following is known to be produced by small intestinal bacteria? a.mucus b.chyme c.glucose d.vitamins

Q: what is the primary role of the normal, thriving intestinal bacterial population? a.helps degrade meat and dairy proteins b.helps prevent infectious bacteria from attacking the system c.synthesizes vitamin d, which can be absorbed into the body d.synthesizes several amino acids, which can be absorbed into the body

Q: the intestinal flora are comprised primarily of a.villi b.bacteria c.mucosa d.probiotics

Q: when consumed on a regular basis, which of the following foods promotes healthful changes in the microflora of the gi tract? a.fish b.yogurt c.poultry d.iron-rich foods

Q: microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as a.probiotics b.prebiotics c.postbiotics d.zymobiotics

Q: the living bacteria found in yogurt are known as a.probiotics b.prebiotics c.postbiotics d.zymobiotics

Q: certain types of fibers and complex proteins that are degraded by gi bacteria are called a.prebiotics b.probiotics c.lactobaccili d.streptococci

Q: what is the general composition of lymph? a.a light-red fluid that stores fat-soluble vitamins b.a transparent yellowish fluid that contains no red blood cells or platelets c.a white fluid that contains probiotics and appears at the site of infections d.a greenish fluid that contains abundant platelets and water-soluble vitamins

Q: approximately how many different species and subspecies of bacteria live in a healthy gi tract? a.20 b.100 c.400 d.1,000

Q: immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats? a.vascular b.mesenteric c.lymphatic d.enterohepatic

Q: what are lacteals? a.gastric secretory cells b.products of milk digestion c.intestinal lymphatic vessels d.products of colonic fermentation

Q: what is the first major organ to receive nutrients that are absorbed into the lymph? a.liver b.heart c.spleen d.pancreas

Q: which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system? a.it carries fats away from the intestines b.it contains a fluid with a composition similar to pancreatic fluid c.it circulates via a one-way pump at the junction to the subclavian vein d.it serves to transport both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins to the vascular system

Q: which of the following conducts lymph into the vascular system? a.villi b.mesentery c.subclavian vein d.common bile duct

Q: when alcohol and barbiturates are ingested, they are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and transported first to the a.liver b.heart c.spleen d.kidneys

Q: what is the most metabolically active organ? a.liver b.spleen c.stomach d.pancreas

Q: exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across the walls of small vessels called a.ducts b.venules c.arterioles d.capillaries

Q: the hepatic portal vein empties into the a.liver b.heart c.pancreas d.hepatic vein

Q: what vessel carries blood from the liver to the heart? a.aorta b.hepatic vein c.thoracic duct d.hepatic portal vein

Q: what is the first vessel to receive absorbed water-soluble vitamins? a.hepatic vein b.mesenteric vein c.mesenteric artery d.hepatic portal vein

Q: which of the following products of digestion is not normally released directly into the bloodstream? a.fats b.minerals c.vitamin c d.carbohydrates

Q: when nutrients are transported from intestinal epithelial cells to the vascular system, what organ is first to receive them? a.liver b.heart c.lungs d.kidneys

Q: to assist the process of digestion and absorption, it is usually best to a.eat several snacks per day so the system is not overwhelmed b.combine different food types to enhance the absorption process c.avoid eating meat and fruit at the same meal to prevent competition d.take enzyme pills or powder periodically so the system can rest and rejuvenate

Q: after sitting through a two-hour lecture in math, your stomach is growling. you have just learned about surface area and its role in mathematics. your classmate points out that surface area is also an integral part of the absorption of nutrients a.due to the makeup of the gastric mucosa b.due to the relatively large size of food protein molecules c.through the presence of the enormous number of villi and microvilli d.resulting from the large size of pancreatic enzymes on which nutrients become digested

Q: which of the following is not a mechanism of absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells? a.diffusion b.transmigration cactive transport d.facilitated diffusion

Q: which of the following are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestion? a.mucus b.micelles c.enzymes d.hormones

Q: what is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? a.crypt b.villus c.microvillus d.macrovillus

Q: which of the following is a function of the intestinal microvilli? a.secretion of bile salts b.secretion of digestive acid c.transport of nutrient molecules d.transport of pancreatic enzymes

Q: what is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine? a.villi b.cilia c.mesenteric vessels d.vascular projectiles

Q: which of the following is an important function of the intestinal villi crypts? a.synthesis of chylomicrons b.secretion of juices into the small intestine c.synthesis of fragments of fat for use by the colon d.transport of fat-soluble nutrients into the circulation

Q: what is the function of bile? a.emulsifies fats b.initiates digestion of protein c.enhances absorption of complex carbohydrates d.protects the stomach and small intestine from the action of hydrochloric acid

Q: which of the following is generally not digested but does stimulate intestinal muscle contractions? a.bile b.fiber c.starch d.amylase

Q: which of the following is a significant property of dietary fiber? a.inhibits protease activity b.promotes water retention of stools c.inhibits large intestinal contractions d.promotes vitamin excretion in stools

Q: which of the following nutrients requires the least amount of digestion? a.starch b.calcium c.animal fats d.animal proteins

Q: which of the following classes of nutrients requires the least amount of digestion? a.lipids b.proteins c.vitamins d.carbohydrates

Q: which of the following is not a typical component of stools? a.water b.fiber c.starch d.bacteria

Q: an example of an important function of the colon would be its absorption of a.bile b.fats c.salts d.hormones

Q: what is one function of the gallbladder? a.stores bile b.produces bile c.reabsorbs water and salts d.performs enzymatic digestion

Q: which of the following is not produced from colonic fermentation of certain fibers? a.gas b.water c.secretin d.small fat fragments

Q: which of the following is not a component of pancreatic juice? a.bile b.water c.lipase d.sodium bicarbonate

Q: which of the following would not be acted upon by pancreatic juice secreted into the intestinal tract? a.fats b.fiber c.proteins d.carbohydrates

Q: after the pancreatic juices have mixed with chyme in the small intestine, which of the following describes the ph of the resulting mixture? a.very acidic b.moderately acidic c.strongly alkaline d.approximately neutral

Q: the purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to a.raise the ph of chyme b.lower the ph of chyme c.hydrolyze large peptides d.provide a little fizz in your life

Q: a solution with a ph of 7 is how many times more alkaline than one with a ph of 6? a.1 b.5 c.10 d.100

Q: the process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as a.condensation b.emulsification c.enzymification d.phosphorylation

Q: which of the following body organs does not secrete digestive enzymes? a.liver b.stomach c.pancreas d.salivary glands

Q: your cousin miguel is extolling the virtues of his new dietary supplement. he says that it contains enzymes that will make him healthier, and he asks for your opinion. you assure him that the enzymes a.will increase the digestibility of the foods he eats b.could likely interfere with the enzymes secreted by his pancreas c.could likely overload his gastrointestinal tract and lead to diarrhea d.are proteins and proteins are destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract

Q: after someone chews and swallows a portion of food, what becomes of the salivary amylase in the stomach? a.it is inactivated by gastric juice b.it continues to hydrolyze starches c.it binds to pepsin and catalyzes proteolytic activity d.it passes into the duodenum where the alkaline ph stimulates carbohydrase activity

Q: what is an important function of mucus? a.helps solubilize bile b.stabilizes pancreatic enzymes c.enhances absorption of vitamin b12 d.protects the stomach walls from digestion

Q: the usual ph of gastric juice is approximately a.2 b.4 c.6 d.7

Q: which part of the gi tract contains highly acidic digestive juices? a.colon b.ileum c.stomach d.duodenum

Q: which of the following is not a function of hydrochloric acid in digestion/absorption? a.it kills bacteria b.it activates pancreatic lipase c.it activates a proteolytic enzyme d.it promotes hydrolysis of dietary protein

Q: what substance protects the stomach lining from damage due to digestive juices? a.water b.mucus c.pepsinogen d.dietary fats

Q: what is the fate of any enzymes that are present in the foods we eat? a.hydrolyzed in the gi tract b.absorbed intact by the stomach c.absorbed intact by the small intestine d.passed through the gi tract and excreted in the stool

Q: why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach? a.mucus inhibits starch breakdown b.stomach enzymes are dysfunctional c.starch should not be eaten with protein d.salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment

Q: which of the following best describes the normal ph of the stomach? a.very acidic b.slightly acidic c.neutral d.slightly alkaline

Q: what is a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? a.absorbs water b.inhibits peristalsis c.neutralizes the food mass d.creates an optimum acidity

Q: what is the function of mucus in the stomach? a.emulsifies fats b.neutralizes stomach acid c.activates pepsinogen to pepsin d.protects stomach cells from gastric juices

Q: which of the following is not true about digestion? a.salivary glands contribute little to digestion b.the pyloric sphincter opens about 3 times a minute c.saliva contains enzymes that digest sugars, fats, and proteins d.the liver and pancreas contribute essential fluids to the digestive process

Q: what types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in foods? a.lipases b.salivases c.proteases d.carbohydrases

Q: during digestion of a meal, how many times does the pyloric sphincter open in 10 minutes time? a.1 b.5 c.10 d.20

Q: how many sphincters does the anus contain? a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4

Q: what structure prevents reflux of stomach contents? a.pepsinogen b.gastric mucosa c.upper esophageal sphincter d.lower esophageal sphincter

Q: what is reflux? a.hard, dry, stools b.backward flow of chyme c.soft, poorly formed stools d.the mixture of bile and pancreatic juice

Q: the lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the a.reflux restrainer b.cardiac sphincter c.perihepatic control valve d.reverse peristalsis inhibitor

Q: which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles? a.control peristalsis b.grind large food particles c.secrete digestive juices into the gi tract d.control the passage of food through the gi tract