Q&A Hero

Q: applying the principle of variety in food planning ensures the benefits of a.moderation b.vegetarianism c.nutrient density d.dilution of harmful substances

Q: providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as a.safety b.variety c.moderation d.undernutrition

Q: ranking foods according to their overall nutrient composition is known as a.biological value b.nutrient profiling c.the risk reduction score d.the healthy eating index

Q: a food that provides 100 mg of magnesium and 25 kcal in a serving has a magnesium density (mg per kcal) of a.0.4 b.4 c.250 d.2500

Q: an empty-kcalorie food is one that contains a.no kcalories b.an abundance of vitamins but little or no minerals c.an abundance of minerals but little or no vitamins d.energy and little or no protein, vitamins, or minerals

Q: which of the following is an expression of the nutrient density of a food? a.0.01 mg iron per kcalorie b.110 kcalories per cup c.0.5 mg iron per serving d.110 kcalories per serving

Q: the concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning? a.variety b.balance c.moderation d.kcalorie control

Q: nutrient dense refers to foods that a.carry the usda nutrition labeling b.are higher in weight relative to volume c.provide more nutrients relative to kcalories d.contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein

Q: which of the following is the most calcium-dense food? a.whole milk b.nonfat milk c.low-fat milk d.cheddar cheese

Q: what are the principles of diet planning? a.abundance, b vitamins, kcalories, diet control, minerals, and variety b.abundance, balance, conservative, diversity, moderation, and vitamins c.adequacy, bone development, correction, vitamin density, master, and variety d.adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety

Q: the diet-planning principle that provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called a.variety b.adequacy c.moderation d.kcalorie control

Q: a persons customary intake of foods and beverages over time defines her or his a.body weight b.eating pattern c.genetic predisposition d.risk for inherited diseases

Q: Annette C. Baier argues that in moral theory there is a place for both a. care and justice. c. care and virtue. b. justice and consequences. d. virtue and consequences.

Q: Some supporters of decriminalization reject utilitarian standards for evaluating drug law and policy because a. these standards dont support decriminalization. b. the harms and benefits balance one another. c. what counts as a harm or benefit is too subjective to be a standard. d. the real issue is not harm and benefits, but justice.

Q: One of the implications of assuming an idealized view of human beings is that one is unable to a. recognize morally right actions. b. follow social rules intended for the benefit of all. c. maintain meaningful personal relationships. d. acknowledge oppression and poverty when it is present.

Q: According to James Q. Wilson, The notion that abusing drugs such as cocaine is a victimless crime is not only absurd but dangerous. Why does he think this notion is dangerous? a. because it overlooks the fact that drug use is unnatural b. because it overlooks the fact that drug use is unhealthy for the user c. because drug use causes psychological harm to the user d. because drug use causes harm to people other than the user

Q: Feminist ethics is a moral theory.

Q: Consider this argument: Drugs are addictive and addiction is a disease where the addict can no longer make free choices. Addicts are slaves to the drug and will commit any number of crimes to support their addictions. We should prohibit drug use to prevent this corruption of society. This view draws support from a. the harm principle. c. the paternalism principle. b. harm-reduction. d. legal moralism.

Q: Most of the great ethical theorists of the past have assumed that women are morally inferior to menthat is, less mature, less important, and less rational than men.

Q: Paternalists argue that the best reason to oppose the legalization of drugs is that some people will be worse off if drugs are legalized. The people referred to here would be a. drug users. c. law enforcement officers. b. the friends and family of drug users. d. taxpayers.

Q: Feminist ethics narrows the area of moral concern from what we call public life to the interconnected and familiar small groupthe people with whom we have close personal relationships.

Q: An argument based on the paternalism principle would claim that drugs should remain illegal because a. decriminalization would lead to increased drug usage by teenagers. b. using recreational drugs is immoral and destroys society. c. the money from their sale supports violent gangs. d. they are addictive and unhealthy for their users.

Q: Carol Gilligan calls the approach to ethics that focuses on being aware of peoples feelings, needs, and viewpoints a. virtue ethics. c. the greatest happiness principle. b. the ethic of care. d. the categorical imperative.

Q: Life-threatening withdrawal symptoms are potential consequences of which condition? a. physical addiction c. physical dependence b. psychological addiction d. psychological dependence

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of the ethic of care? a. It is a reminder that caring is a vital and inescapable part of the moral life. b. It is an example of feminist ethics. c. It contrasts dramatically with traditional moral theories preoccupied with principles and legalistic moral reasoning. d. It emphasizes rule-following, especially rules found in codes of ethics.

Q: Those who advocate for harm reduction within the context of drug laws argue that the current policies of punishing people for drug offenses actually do more harm than good. Their recommendations would therefore focus on trying to a. improve the moral character of drug users. b. reduce the number of drug users. c. reduce the harm that arises from drugs and drug laws. d. increase the number of persons enforcing the drug laws.

Q: One hard fact that feminist ethicists are responding to is that, even today, most women in the world are viewed as a. more ethical than men. c. equal citizens. b. more important than men. d. second-class citizens.

Q: Which of the following would likely be part of a harm-reduction policy on drug use? a. zero-tolerance prosecution c. needle-exchange programs b. minimum sentences for drug crimes d. methadone clinics

Q: Julie considers herself an advocate of feminist ethics. Therefore, she should a. support the moral equality of men and women. b. advocate for the superiority of women over men. c. reject all moral principles in favor of gut feelings. d. disregard all psychological evidence about differences between men and women.

Q: In 2014, there were around ________ firearm deaths (suicides, homicides, and accidental shootings) in the United States. a. 1,000 c. 34,000 b. 10,000 d. 340,000

Q: Feminist ethicists argue that the ________ sphere be given at least as much consideration in morality as the sphere of the public. a. legal c. historical b. religious d. private

Q: The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution explicitly states: a. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. b. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. c. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. d. A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to own handguns, shall not be infringed.

Q: Franco has decided he wants to adopt the ethics of care. He is now deliberating about whether to voice a controversial view during a get-together with his family. In order to apply the ethics of care, he should focus more on how a. his right to free speech would be affected by his decision. b. his autonomy would be violated if he decided to stay silent. c. his opinion might negatively affect family members he cares about. d. he should follow certain rules.

Q: Recreational drug use likely violates Kants categorical imperative, because using drugs a. treats a person merely as a means to an end. b. has the potential to harm others. c. causes more harm than benefit. d. is against the order of nature.

Q: The most obvious example of a relationship that is the focus of the ethics of care would be a. caring about whether people think youre smart. b. caring for ones child. c. taking care of an antique car. d. caring about the pollution levels in the air.

Q: The essential question of the morality of drug policy and law is, a. Under what circumstances is the government justified in preventing drug production? b. Under what circumstances is the government justified in preventing recreational drug use? c. Under what circumstances is the government justified in preventing drug sales? d. Under what circumstances is the government justified in taxing recreational drug use?

Q: Suppose a Kantian says that we are never morally permitted to lie. An ethicist of care would a. disagree in cases where telling the truth would unnecessarily make an innocent person suffer. b. disagree in cases where lying could benefit the decision maker. c. agree because lying is always a result of not caring enough. d. agree because lying would never be the compassionate thing to do.

Q: According to the great utilitarian John Stuart Mill, the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to a. force obedience to moral law. c. prevent harm to himself. b. force obedience to the natural law. d. prevent harm to others.

Q: The question of whether displaying nooses on campusesoffensive symbols that represent the crime of lynching and the horrific history of lynchings of black Americans during and after the Jim Crow erashould be allowed is an issue of free speech.

Q: A theory of morality that makes virtue the central concern is known as ________.

Q: The term ________ refers to spoken or written words used to insult, disparage, or attack people based on their social or ethnic group.

Q: A ________ is a stable disposition to act and feel according to some ideal or model of excellence.

Q: Many colleges and universities have enacted ________, which are campus regulations banning the use of language or symbols thought to embody hate speech.

Q: Aristotle argues that the true goal of humans is ________, which means happiness or flourishing and refers to the full realization of the good life.

Q: Free speech is enshrined in the U.S. Constitutions ________ Amendment, which guarantees freedom of expression by barring Congress from restricting what the press can disseminate and what individuals can say.

Q: Aristotles conception of virtue as a balance between two behavioral extremes is known as the ________.

Q: ________ are defined as commonplace slights or insults conveyed intentionally or unintentionally by words or actions to disadvantaged groups.

Q: Alison M. Jaggar writes that Western moral theory has tended to a. prioritize virtue ethics. b. emphasize character traits usually associated with women. c. ignore masculine values. d. embody masculine values.

Q: Of the 1.5 million Americans arrested for violating drug laws in 2016, what percentage were arrested for selling or producing drugs? a. 80 percent c. 40 percent b. 60 percent d. 15 percent

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of ideal theories of ethics that feminist thinkers have criticized? a. They assume that the world consists of atomistic individuals with perfect rationality. b. They conceive of individuals living in a society without oppression. c. They depict individuals as having contempt for women. d. They characterize moral agents as unaffected by poor living conditions and unjust institutions.

Q: In 2016, ________ of respondents said they favored the legalization of marijuana. a. roughly one-third c. less than 10 percent b. more than half d. more than three-quarters

Q: The ethics of care is a perspective on ethics that highlights the a. need for ethics in health care. b. insignificance of ethics in caring for others. c. lack of male perspectives in ethics. d. importance of personal relationships and virtues such as compassion and kindness.

Q: A condition in which discontinuing the use of a drug is increasingly difficult and involves psychological or physical symptoms is called a. a drug habit. c. drug addiction. b. drug abuse. d. drug dependence.

Q: Its possible that someone would have to choose between performing or not performing an action that could lead to serious harm to a friendyet each choice could involve the same two virtues in contradictory ways (for example, one choice could privilege the virtue of honesty to the detriment of loyalty, and the other could privilege loyalty to the detriment of honesty). Such a case suggests that virtue ethics may have a problem with a. Criterion 1 (consistency with commonsense moral judgments). b. Criterion 2 (consistency with moral experience). c. Criterion 3 (usefulness). d. both Criterion 1 and Criterion 2.

Q: One objection to virtue ethics is that its possible for a virtuous person to act entirely from virtue and still commit an immoral act.

Q: The central conflict in campus free speech controversies is between two moral goods that are crucial to higher education: (1) free speech that enables the expression of all ideas and the unfettered search for truth, and (2) a campus environment that protects and respects the learning experiences of all students.

Q: In pointing out the shortcomings of rule-based ethical theories, the philosopher William Frankena says that principles without virtues are a. irrelevant. c. impotent. b. intractable. d. intelligible.

Q: The terms free speech and free expression refer only to speaking, not to other actions, such as acting, painting, or burning flags.

Q: The fact that we regularly judge the moral permissibility of actions as well as assess the goodness of character suggests that a. principles and virtuous behavior are in conflict. b. rule-based moral theories should be discarded. c. ethics is false. d. virtue and character are important elements of the moral life.

Q: Free speech is what is called an absolute right.

Q: In ethics, the central question asked by a virtue ethicist is What should I do?

Q: A 2015 survey of college students showed that almost three-quarters favor disciplinary action for any student or faculty member on campus who uses language that is considered racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise offensive.

Q: For virtue ethicists, motivations for moral or immoral action are essential.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that any speech found to be offensive, such as antiwar protests, antigovernment rhetoric, blasphemy, and obscene speech, may be banned by the government.

Q: Suppose you are seriously ill and laid up in the hospital. If a friend came to visit you only because it was her duty to do so (duty was her only motivation), you would likely view her action as heartfelt and genuine.

Q: The most frequently heard arguments about campus free speech concern whether hate speech should be regulated to prevent harm to vulnerable groups.

Q: A conscientious practitioner of Aristotelian virtue ethics would have to appeal to a moral rule such as Do not lie in order to know that she should not lie to a friend in order to avoid paying a debt.

Q: Nonconsequentialists necessarily hold the view that the right of free speech is absolute, overriding such competing values as justice, equality, security, and the right to privacy.

Q: Many duty-based theorists believe that motivation for moral action cannot be derived entirely from considerations of duty, just as appropriate motivation cannot be based solely on virtuous character.

Q: Consequentialists necessarily reject restrictions on free speech, because the consequences of doing so are always a net harm.

Q: Aristotle says that moral virtue comes about as a result of ________. a. divine inspiration. b. following the Golden Rule. c. conforming to the greatest happiness principle. d. habit.

Q: According to Chemerinsky and Gillman, which of the following kinds of on-campus speech should be permitted without punishment? a. threats or harassment b. destruction of property c. offensive language d. disruptions of classes and campus activities

Q: Contemporary virtue ethicists argue that if virtues were eliminated entirely from morality, leaving only principles or rules of justice, the moral life would appear a. one-dimensional. c. complete. b. richer. d. complicated.

Q: According to the nonconsequentialist approach to the freedom of speech, this freedom is allowed up to, but not beyond, the point at which it a. causes offense to someone based on the views or ideas expressed. b. expresses a dislike of the government. c. communicates a disagreement with a widely held religion. d. interferes with someone elses free speech rights.

Q: By the lights of virtue ethics, if you rescue someone from disaster solely out of a sense of duty, then your action is a. a morally deficient response. c. a morally appropriate response. b. wrong. d. selfless.

Q: Some consequentialists have argued that speech critical of an identity group or speech that upsets people in such a group is in fact a form of violence. They contend such violent speech is a. definitely harmful, and on those grounds should be banned. b. possibly harmful, but possible harm is irrelevant to whether it should be banned. c. not harmful in the right way, and should not be banned. d. harmful, but not enough to outweigh the benefits of this kind of speech, so it should not be banned.

Q: Virtue ethicists try to achieve the moral ideal by a. looking to well-established moral rules. c. fulfilling duties. b. reading books on ethics. d. looking to moral exemplars.

Q: Some consequentialists recognize the harms of hate speech, but argue that censoring it causes even more harm. They therefore endorse a. banning all hate speech. b. allowing citizens the freedom to express hate speech. c. banning some forms of hate speech. d. revoking the First Amendment.

Q: The primary focus of virtue systems, according to the philosopher Louis Pojman, is on discovering the proper moral example and ________ that person or ideal type. a. avoiding c. worshipping b. imitating d. evaluating

Q: Virtue ethics puts primary emphasis on being a good person and living a good life, whereas duty-based moral systems a. emphasize a life of happiness and flourishing. b. emphasize happiness through correct living. c. pay much less attention to following rules of conduct. d. pay much less attention to virtuous character and living a good life.