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Philosophy
Q:
It was the philosopher Thomas Aquinas who said, It is no wrong for man to make use of [animals], either by killing them or in any other way whatever.
Q:
Those who appeal to utilitarian considerations argue that restricting immigration has adverse
consequences, especially economically, because closed borders restrict trade, waste talents,
and impede prosperity.
Q:
What is the implicit premise in the following moral argument? Same-sex marriage is contrary
to tradition. Therefore, it should never be allowed.
a. Same-sex marriage is harmful to society.
b. Same-sex marriage is unnatural and therefore should be banned.
c. Whatever causes harm to children should not be allowed.
d. Whatever is contrary to tradition should not be allowed.
Q:
Those who hold the traditional attitude toward animals believe that cruelty to animals is bad, but only because the Bible explicitly speaks against it.
Q:
There is universal agreement on all sides of the immigration debate that that the need to
preserve a nations distinctive culture is a good reason to favor closed borders.
Q:
In just a few years, Hispanics will be the majority in the United States, and whites will be a minority.
Q:
Name the form of the following argument: If the dog barks, something must be wrong. Something must be wrong. Therefore, the dog will bark.
a. denying the antecedent c. affirming the consequent
b. modus tollens d. hypothetical syllogism
Q:
Suppose you believe it would be just as wrong to hurt, eat, cage, or hunt an animal as it would
be to do the same to a human. What theory could you use to justify your belief?
a. an anthropocentric theory
b. Regans rights theory
c. Singers theory
d. the theory suggested in the book of Genesis
Q:
Evidence collected over decades shows that immigrants actually show less propensity toward
crime than native-born citizens and that immigration can even be considered a factor in the
decrease of violent crime in the United States.
Q:
Inductive arguments are
a. intended to supplement deductive arguments.
b. intended to be abductive.
c. supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions.
d. supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.
Q:
In Britain, thousands have protested for and against scientific animal testing, with each side
trying to make its case in the streets and in the media. What plausible utilitarian argument
could scientists and others make in favor of the testing?
a. Animal testing produces greater net benefits to society than not testing. The pain suffered by test animals is more than offset by the cures and treatments that the tests help develop.
b. Animals are to be used for the benefit of humankind, so whatever suffering the test animals endure is permissible.
c. Animals and humans have equal inherent value. Because humans should not be kept in cages, experimented on, and otherwise abused, neither should animals.
d. Humans have infinite moral worth, but animals have little or none. So, it is permissible to use animals in the service of humans, just as it is permissible to use a hammer to build a house.
Q:
Immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens.
Q:
A strong inductive argument with true premises is said to be
a. sound. c. valid.
b. cogent. d. invalid.
Q:
A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be
a. strong. c. fit.
b. sound. d. cogent.
Q:
Suppose your friend is an animal rights advocate for the same reasons that Peter Singer is
(utilitarian calculations). She thinks our system of meat production should be abolished,
but by her own lights, her utilitarianism could sanction
a. the current system of meat production supplemented with greater production of plant-based foods.
b. meat production in foreign countries.
c. a cruel but quick form of meat production.
d. a humane form of meat production.
Q:
During the Civil War (1862) General Ulysses S. Grant issued an expulsion order for all
Jews within the parts of the territory he controlled.
Q:
Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.
a. modus tollens c. modus ponens
b. hypothetical syllogism d. reductio ad absurdum
Q:
According to Peter Singer, if a man and a pig were both experiencing intense pain,
we must assume that
a. the mans pain should be taken more seriously than the pigs.
b. the mans pain should be taken as seriously as the pigs.
c. the mans pain should be taken less seriously than the pigs.
d. only the pigs pain should be taken into account.
Q:
Most people deported from the United States have committed a crime, which is the reason
they are deported.
Q:
Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.
a. hypothetical inductive c. modus ponens
b. hypothetical syllogism d. modus tollens
Q:
Our moral common sense suggests that accidentally running over a man with our car is
morally worse than doing the same to a rabbit. Tom Regan would
a. agree with our common sense, due to his belief that animals are not equal to
human beings.
b. disagree with our common sense, due to his belief that animals have the same
rights as human beings.
c. agree with our common sense, due to his belief that consequences matter only
when those affected are human.
d. disagree with our common sense, but only when the net consequences of running
over the rabbit are negative.
Q:
In an argument, the supporting statements are known as ________; the statement being
supported is known as the ________.
a. inferences; conclusion c. premises; conclusion
b. premises; deduction d. indicator words; conclusion
Q:
To say that an animal has moral status is to say that
a. it is alive and sentient.
b. it is an object of direct moral consideration or concern.
c. it is worthy of moral concern because of its relationship to others.
d. there are no limits to the amount of suffering that can be inflicted on it.
Q:
The phrases because, given that, due to the fact that, and for the reason that are
a. conclusion indicators. c. statements.
b. statement indicators. d. premise indicators.
Q:
The claim that animals have no moral standing because they do not have the kind of strong family relationships exhibited by humans has been undermined by
a. popular culture. c. science.
b. philosophy. d. politics.
Q:
Currently high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers do make it unlikely that we will fulfill our moral obligations to the poorest Americans.
Which of the following conclusions would make this argument valid?
a. Therefore, we should encourage immigration, especially from countries with low-skilled workers.
b. Therefore, we should reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers.
c. Therefore, we should not reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers.
d. Therefore, we should try to improve the education systems of countries with low-skilled workers.
Q:
Deductive arguments are
a. supposed to offer probable support for their conclusions.
b. usually valid.
c. usually invalid.
d. supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.
Q:
The claim that merely having the DNA of the human species gives beings moral
considerability has been undermined by
a. studies of animal anatomy.
b. DNA research.
c. the logical possibility of animals existing on other planets.
d. the logical possibility of creatures who have full moral status but no DNA.
Q:
Some argue that a wealthy nation that offers substantial welfare benefits to its citizens
(such as Sweden and other Scandinavian countries) cannot afford to have open borders,
because doing so would
a. result in more civil unrest. c. undermine the purpose of immigration.
b. cause the welfare system to collapse. d. deplete the militarys resources.
Q:
In 1901 Australia passed the Immigration Restriction Act, which aimed to limit nonwhite immigration to Australia, particularly Asian immigration, and thereby preserve the predominance of the British within Australia. Suppose that a large majority of Australians would have been made happier by passage of this law. Would a utilitarian advocate for such a law in these circumstances? a. No, because it is unjust for a country to accept only white Europeans. b. No, because the safety and welfare of refugees is more important than the happiness of Australians. c. Yes, because the consequences of passing this law would be better overall than if it were not passed. d. Yes, because refugees would lack moral status under utilitarianism.
Q:
The utterance Abortion is morally permissible is
a. an argument. c. a moral statement.
b. a nonmoral statement. d. an implied statement.
Q:
As an alternative to thinking of equal rights to health care as requiring universal equal access to all available health care resources, some people have suggested that every person has only a weaker right to a ________ of health care, in which basic, necessary care is provided to everyone.
Q:
Which of the following would be a utilitarian reason for limiting immigration?
a. Immigration is not natural.
b. Immigration will disrupt the economy.
c. Immigration violates the rights of natural-born citizens.
d. Immigration treats natural-born citizens as mere means, rather than as ends.
Q:
In the argument (1) Premarital sex is morally permissible because (2) it makes people happy, statement 1 is the ________ and statement 2 is the ________.
a. conclusion; premise c. main argument; premise
b. premise; conclusion d. implied premise; stated premise
Q:
The traditional attitude toward animals is that
a. animals have rights and therefore have inherent value.
b. animals deserve the same level of consideration that we give to human infants.
c. an animal is owed moral respect as a source of food or companionship.
d. an animal is merely a resource that humans may dispose of as they see fit; an animal has instrumental value only.
Q:
Christopher Heath Wellman argues that nations have a right to close their borders, a right
derived from the more fundamental right to ________.
a. freedom of association c. self-defense
b. freedom of religion d. make laws
Q:
An argument in the logical sense is a
a. heated exchange of views.
b. group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest.
c. group of statements that leads to a question.
d. group of unconnected statements.
Q:
Virtually everyone thinks that being cruel to animalsunnecessarily causing them pain or miseryis
a. sometimes permissible. c. right.
b. wrong. d. relative to the animals intelligence.
Q:
Americans tend to overestimate immigrants share of the population. Many believe that it is
more than twice as large as it actually is, which is around
a. 0.5 percent. c. 14 percent.
b. 3.4 percent. d. 28 percent.
Q:
The fundamental moral issue involved in the health care debate is ________, which is about persons getting what is fair or what is their due.
Q:
Many people, including many politicians, overestimate the number of unauthorized immigrants
living in the United States. In 2015, the number was about
a. 800,000. c. 11 million.
b. 4 million. d. 43 million.
Q:
________ is a federally funded insurance program that covers people sixty-five and older,
some adults under sixty-five with disabilities, and people with end-stage kidney disease.
Q:
Stephen Macedo sums up his perspective on immigration in this way: If high levels of
immigration have detrimental impact on our least well-off citizens, that is a reason to limit
immigration, even if those who seek admission seem to be poorer than our own poor whose
condition is worsened by their entry. His view is best characterized as
a. authoritarian. c. cosmopolitan.
b. egalitarian. d. anticosmopolitan.
Q:
A statement is
a. an assertion about morality.
b. an assertion without a truth value.
c. an assertion that something is or is not the case.
d. a claim that cannot be verified.
Q:
________ concerns the fair distribution of a societys benefits and burdens, such as taxes, jobs, income, government services, social obligations, property, and rights.
Q:
One of the ways that people have tried to avoid concluding that the Allied forces bombing of
cities in World War II was terrorism is to limit terrorism only to ________; that is, to
individuals or groups that are not sovereign states.
Q:
Louisa is an egalitarian about health care, which means she thinks citizens have only negative rights, not positive rights, to health care.
Q:
________ is the intentional infliction of severe pain or suffering on people to punish or intimidate them or to extract information from them.
Q:
The concept of an equal right to health care necessarily includes universal equal access to all care resources.
Q:
In 1790, a U.S. law was passed stating the requirements for becoming a naturalized citizen.
In order to be eligible for naturalization, each applicant had to be
a. a person born at some point after the founding of the nation or the parent of such a person.
b. a descendant of someone who had come over on the Mayflower or a person related to an indigenous person.
c. a resident of the United States for two years, a person of good moral character, and a free white person.
d. a Christian person who fought in the Revolutionary War and had at least two hundred acres of land.
Q:
The Affordable Care Act includes a requirement that health insurance plans cover certain preventive care, such as immunizations, preventive care for children, and specified health screening tests for adults.
Q:
In 1965, the U.S. Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act. While immigration
policy had previously been based on a quota system, the new policy favored
a. skilled immigrants and those who, by immigrating, could help reunite families.
b. unskilled immigrants who would benefit from American education.
c. immigrants from Western Europe.
d. immigrants from Latin America.
Q:
In the American health care system, those who dont have the money to pay for health care, even those with serious illnesses or injuries, often get no medical care at all because of escalating costs.
Q:
Because managed care plans focus on costs and efficiency, some critics charge that this
emphasis on business values could ultimately degrade the quality of care.
Q:
________ is the view that moral standards are not applicable to war and that war must be
judged only on how well it serves state interests.
Q:
Our commonsense moral experiences suggest that a. nothing is morally good or bad in itself. b. some things are morally good and some things are morally bad. c. our commonsense moral intuition is always correct. d. good and bad things happen for no reason.
Q:
While the Affordable Care Act aimed at providing solutions to the problems of lack of health
insurance coverage among millions of Americans and the seemingly unstoppable rise in health
care costs, Obamacare was intended to fix minor problems in health care.
Q:
The doctrine that war may be morally permissible under stipulated conditions is known as ________.
Q:
Positive rights are those that only obligate others not to interfere with a persons obtaining something.
Q:
According to the text, ________ is violence against noncombatants for political, religious,
or ideological ends.
Q:
Libertarians believe that, while people have a right not to be interfered with in their pursuit of
health care, no member of that society has a right to demand any share of health care from that
society, no matter how rich that society may be.
Q:
The debate over delivering health care is primarily about the morality of individual actions
and decisions.
Q:
The resort to violence for political ends is referred to as ________.
Q:
Central to emotivism is the view that moral judgments are not statements that can be true
or false. What does emotivism add to this view?
a. That moral statements, unlike moral judgments, can be true or false.
b. That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes.
c. That moral emotions are objectively right or wrong.
d. That correct moral judgments are guided by emotions.
Q:
Despite having the most expensive health care system in the world, the United States ranks
near the bottom when compared to other industrialized countries on measures of health
system quality, efficiency, access to care, equity, and healthy lives, according to a recent
report.
Q:
As defined in the text, the term ________ refers to the physical or psychological attack on,
or the vigorous abuse of, persons, causing their suffering, injury, or death.
Q:
Emotivists can admit that the serial killer Ted Bundy killed more than 30 women,
but they cannot say that these events
a. were, for a fact, bad. c. were caused by people.
b. were killings. d. were violent.
Q:
Noncognitivism is the view that
a. moral judgments are almost never true.
b. moral judgments are statements.
c. moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false.
d. moral theories can be true or false.
Q:
The philosopher who stresses the value of health care in terms of preserving and restoring
normal species functioning is
a. John Rawls. c. Norman Daniels.
b. John Stuart Mill. d. Mary Ann Warren.
Q:
A war launched because an attack from another state is not actual but merely feared is
known as a preventive war.
Q:
For the emotivist, which of these best displays the meaning of the moral utterance
Lying is wrong?
a. LyingI hate it! c. Lying is immoral!
b. Lying may be wrong. d. Lying has occurred!
Q:
In his book A Theory of Justice the philosopher John Rawls argues that people are entitled
not to equal shares of the basic goods of society, but to an equal chance to acquire them. This
aspect of his worldview is called
a. equality of opportunity. c. equal benefits to all.
b. equal rights under the law. d. maximum equality to all.
Q:
In war the distinction between combatants and noncombatants is unambiguous and very clear
to troops on the ground.
Q:
Maryam says, Abortion is always wrong, while Fatima says, Sometimes abortion is not wrong. Which statement best summarizes how emotivists view this kind of disagreement?
a. Maryam and Fatima cannot both be right, because this would produce an emotional conflict between them.
b. Maryam and Fatima are expressing different attitudes, but neither of them says something that could be true or false.
c. Maryam and Fatima are really expressing the same attitude, but in different ways, and so there is not really a disagreement here.
d. Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way to resolve the disagreement.
Q:
In debates about health coverage, some have tried to distinguish between healthy people who have lived their lives the right way and unhealthy people who have not taken proper care of themselves, referred to as the undeserving sick, who do not deserve health care. Which of the following theories of justice is most likely to underlie this perspective? a. the criminal theory of justice c. the moderate theory of justice b. the egalitarian theory of justice d. the libertarian theory of justice
Q:
Suppose you are an immunity theorist, and you hear that an attack by American soldiers on a group of twenty ruthless terrorists has resulted in the deaths not only of the terrorists but also of one noncombatant woman. Later it becomes known that the American soldiers knew the noncombatant was among the terrorists and launched the attack nevertheless. As an immunity theorist you would judge this action to be justified but regrettable.
Q:
According to emotivism, to offer reasons for a moral judgment is to
a. provide moral reasons that can influence someones belief in a moral claim.
b. provide reasons that have a logical or cognitive connection to a moral judgment.
c. provide moral facts that can influence someones attitude.
d. provide statements that can influence someones attitude.
Q:
Most people believe that violence is prima facie wrong.
Q:
Cognitivism is the view that moral statements
a. are neither true nor false. c. cannot be understood.
b. can be true or false. d. express cognitive emotions.
Q:
The primary difference between libertarian and egalitarian theories of justice is that
a. libertarian theories hold that there are only negative rights, while egalitarian theories hold that positive rights exist.
b. libertarian theories hold that there are no negative rights, while egalitarian theories hold that there are only negative rights.
c. libertarian theories hold that health care is a universal, positive right, while egalitarian theories hold that health care is no right at all.
d. libertarian theories hold that it is impermissible to deny anyone health care, while egalitarian theories hold that it is permissible to deny people health care.