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Philosophy
Q:
What is the meaning of "lex talionis"?
a. Fair and Square.
b. Justice Comes to All.
c. An Eye for An Eye.
d. The Talons of a Lexus are Strong.
Q:
According to your text, how many black high school dropouts are prisoners or ex-convicts by the time they reach their mid-thirties?
a. 6%
b. 30%
c. 45%
d. 60%
Q:
Which of our moral theories is most likely to be used in support of the retribution argument for capital punishment?
a. Categorical imperative
b. Virtue ethics
c. Utilitarianism
d. Relativism
Q:
Liberty rather than freedom
Q:
Which of the following types of crime will always be difficult to deter?
a. Perjury.
b. Shoplifting.
c. Crimes of bribery.
d. Crimes of passion.
Q:
Negative rights
Q:
Contrast socialist and libertarian outlooks with regard to their views on whether distributive justice should be determined by process or end state views.
Q:
When, according to John Rawls, are economic inequalities justified? Explain the idea of "original position" is intended to insure that inequalities are justified.
Q:
A utilitarian would necessarily be opposed to the restorative justice approach to criminal justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Punishment is externally related to lawbreaking, according to the deterrence viewpoint.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to consequentialist reasoning, if other measures than imprisonment work better to deter or prevent crime then we ought to use these other measures.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Indeterminate sentences would be more likely to be favored by those with a retributivist than those with a deterrence viewpoint.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Punishment is externally related to lawbreaking, according to the retributivist viewpoint.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Retributivists would support a not guilty plea for persons who are in fact "insane" for, because of their mental dysfunction, they then are not responsible for what they do.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A retributivist would uphold a just punishment for certain crimes even if the imposition of this punishment did not deter anyone from committing such crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Retributivists always support a lex talionis view and, thus, always will support the death penalty for murderers (as being a life for a life).
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the deterrence argument for legal punishment, any kind of punishment is justified no matter what the consequences.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Q:
If some in a society have greater wealth than others this difference is due to the fact that those with more have worked harder for it.
Q:
Inequality of wealth in a society is just only if people have equal opportunity to attain the positions to which the wealth is attached.
Label as Characteristic of a Libertarian (L), Socialist (S) or Liberal (LL) position (In some cases more than one answer is right--give all which are right):
Q:
Process view of justice
Q:
What principle aims to compensate for the bias of arbitrary contingencies in the direction of equality?
a. The principle of acquisitive justice.
b. The principle of redress.
c. The principle of rectification.
d. The principle of reflective equilibrium.
Label as End State (E) or Process (P) views of justice
Q:
Just societies must satisfy the basic needs of all their members.
Label as Characteristic of a Libertarian (L), Socialist (S) or Liberal (LL) position (In some cases more than one answer is right--give all which are right):
Q:
End state view of justice
Label as End State (E) or Process (P) views of justice
Q:
A just society must prevent people from unjustly acquiring wealth.
Label as Characteristic of a Libertarian (L), Socialist (S) or Liberal (LL) position (In some cases more than one answer is right--give all which are right):
Q:
Positive rights
Label as End State (E) or Process (P) views of justice
Q:
The method Rawls uses to derive principles for determining what social institutions are just is an appeal to an imaginary situation in which people would choose principles not knowing certain possibly biasing things about themselves.
a. True
b. False
Q:
John Rawls derives his principles of justice by asking what principles people who are concerned about the welfare of others would choose.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians do not believe that governments should try to equalize end states of wealth.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Q:
To suggest that allowing people to earn as much money as they can because doing so gives people incentive to be maximally productive comes under which form of reasoning?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Natural law
c. Categorical imperative
d. Relativism
Q:
Rawls believes justice is to social institutions as
a. Money is to economics.
b. Medicine is to hospitals.
c. Taxes are to government.
d. Truth is to scientific systems.
Q:
The morality of inequality of opportunity is a(n) _______ ethical concern, while the morality of inequality of outcome is a(n) ________ ethical concern?
a. Natural law, relative
b. Categorical imperative, natural law
c. Natural law, utilitarian
d. Utilitarian, relative
Q:
Distributive justice has to do with
a. How justice is divided within a society.
b. How goods are allocated among persons.
c. How likely one is to get a fair trial.
d. A major in college.
Q:
According to Robert Nozick, principles that require distribution of social benefits according to moral merit, usefulness to society, or another natural dimension are best described as which of the following?
a. Historical.
b. Efficient.
c. Patterned.
d. Egalitarian.
Q:
To suggest that Tom has a right to the money that is earned as a result of his innovative idea comes under which form of ethical reasoning?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Natural law
c. Categorical imperative
d. Relativism
Q:
According to Rawls, justice is
a. Equality.
b. Fairness.
c. Mutual agreement.
d. Impossible unless enforced by a sovereign.
Q:
In Rawls' experiment of original position, the people most likely to choose Society A are
a. Risk takers.
b. People with a lot of money.
c. Old souls.
d. People who believe in karma.
Q:
Libertarians typically hold a process view of justice rather than an end state view.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to Rawls's maximin principle for decision-making under ignorance, people will choose that society with the least gap between the rich and the poor.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians tend to emphasize negative rights, while socialists tend to stress positive rights.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to John Rawls in A Theory of Justice, it is always unjust for some people to be very wealthy and others to be poor.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Libertarians favor a minimalized government.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain the distinctions and relationships between the terms 'prejudice,' 'racism,' and 'structural racism.'
Q:
The people in the original position of choosing behind a "veil of ignorance" do not know any biasing things about themselves but do know that they would want what any person would want.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Rawls's second principle of justice requires that an inequality in goods in a society is just provided that the people have merited what they have.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Rawls argues that the right to the most extensive equal basic liberties may be reduced if doing so benefits the worst-off in society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to a process view of economic justice, a social distribution of wealth is just if and only if the disparities in wealth are due to differences in merit, achievement, or contribution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A libertarian conception of economic justice relies on notions of a negative right (a right not to be interfered with), while a socialist conception stresses a positive right (a right to have basic necessities).
a. True
b. False
Q:
An "end state" view of economic justice is one that is concerned about how things turn out in terms of distribution of wealth in a society.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The fact that some people because of past discrimination are now in a socially disadvantaged position is a relevant reason to treat them differently but now in ways that advantage them.
Q:
We ought to realize that if we continue with programs of preferential treatment there will likely be a white male backlash and this will make it even more difficult to achieve racial or sexual equality.
Q:
If young girls and blacks, for example, have more role models in certain professions, they will be more likely to seek those positions, and if this is possible only through affirmative action programs, then we ought to support such programs.
Q:
Compare and contrast critical race theorists' critique of racial bias (such as Appiah's) and critiques of gender biases (such as Butler's). What similarities can you find in their understandings of race and gender, respectively, and how do these understandings influence their agendas for correcting the problems of racism and gender discrimination?
Q:
What was the significance of the Bakke decision and the University of Michigan cases?
a. They reaffirmed the separation of church and state by denying Catholic schools the right to federal tax dollars.
b. They forbade the use of racial quotas in school admissions, but allowed some consideration of race in admissions decisions.
c. They forbade the use of race considerations in school admissions, but allow gender quotas in admissions decisions.
d. They forbade any consideration of race in school admissions decisions.
Q:
Which amendment to the US Constitution gave black women the right to vote?
a. 24th
b. 19th
c. 14th
d. 13th
Q:
Which of the following objections to affirmative action programs is raised by consequentialist critics?
a. They are fundamentally unfair.
b. They are tantamount to reverse discrimination.
c. They mainly benefit middle-class rather than lower-class African Americans.
d. They violate principles of equality and impartiality.
Q:
The people affected by secondary racism or sexism are
a. Directly affected by discriminatory words and acts.
b. Less severely affected than victims of primary racism.
c. Invariably silent sufferers, because the forms of discrimination are so subtle.
d. Indirectly affected by differential policies that have an unintended discriminatory effect.
Q:
According to the principle of equality, it is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits unless which of the following is demonstrated?
a. That they are illegal immigrants.
b. That they or their families have materially benefited from past discrimination.
c. That they or their families have materially suffered from past discrimination.
d. That they are relevantly different in ways that justify differential treatment.
Q:
All of the following are examples of types of affirmative action except:
a. Firing employees to reach racial balance.
b. Setting quotas to reach a more representative racial balance.
c. Using preferences among equally qualified candidates.
d. Enlarging the pool of candidates before choosing on the basis of qualifications.
Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
Q:
Critics of racialism generally agree that race is
a. a social construct.
b. a necessary evil.
c. no longer a factor in social policymaking.
d. a legitimate basis for unequal treatment (in accordance with the principle of equality).
Label the following examples of arguments regarding Preferential Treatment as appealing to considerations of Justice (J), or to Consequentialist considerations (C)
Q:
By using race or sex to favor some groups we are using an irrelevant characteristic and this is not right.
Q:
If we hire people according to their sex or race, they will have less self-esteem than if they are hired on competence.
Q:
It is not fair to prefer a woman or minority group member over a more well qualified applicant for this is to use an irrelevant difference as a basis for differential treatment.
Q:
Simply trying to get rid of overt unjust discrimination has not had the desired effect of bringing certain groups into the mainstream, and thus more drastic measures are necessary.
Q:
Just as race or sex were wrongly used in the past to treat people differently, so also is their use just as inherently wrong in present form in preferential treatment programs.
Q:
Biases may be unconscious.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Q:
What was ruled in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education?
a. That affirmative action in elementary schools was illegal and unconstitutional.
b. That students could not be rejected from college on religious grounds.
c. That affirmative action at Brown University was inherently discriminatory.
d. That "separate but equal" educational facilities were unconstitutional.
Q:
"It is unjust to treat people differently in ways that deny to some of them significant social benefits unless we can show that there is a difference between them that is relevant to the differential treatment." This quote supports the principle of
a. Justice.
b. Equal pay for equal work.
c. Equality.
d. Reverse discrimination.
Q:
Which point does Fullinwider intend to make with the Land of Giants thought experiment?
a. That Affirmative Action is the only viable strategy.
b. That people who benefit from discriminatory practices realize that the practices are morally wrong.
c. That those who seem like giants today will be viewed as small people tomorrow.
d. That well-intentioned people may perpetuate discrimination that is invisible to them.
Q:
Compare Mill's and Bentham's views on prostitution. Describe each of their arguments for and/or against prostitution. Highlight any similarities and differences between them, and be sure to describe which moral perspective (i.e., consequentialism, deontological, utilitarian, natural law, care ethics, etc.) each uses to justify their positions.
Q:
Why is female genital mutilation (FMG) an issue of sexual morality? What does this issue suggest to us about the relationships between sexual morality and other moral issues, such as autonomy, human rights, gender constructions, and so on? Present your own moral evaluation of FMG, being clear to explain the moral perspectives (e.g., consequentialist, deontological, utilitarian, natural law, care ethics) that are most relevant to your evaluations.
Q:
According to the principle of equality, in order to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits one need only show that there are real differences between them.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Slavery was prohibited by the Nineteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Affirmative action programs presume that past discrimination and its resulting present disadvantage are relevant reasons for differential treatment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The U.S. Supreme Court concluded in the Bakke decision that consideration of race in school admissions was unconstitutional.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When giving a consequentialist argument for affirmative action one need show only that these programs can have good consequences.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are still wide disparities in employment statistics between whites and Blacks in the U.S.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the principle of equality, a society that preferred women for the respected and highly paid position of financial advisor would be justified in doing so if it could be proven that women by nature were more talented in such matters than men.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The principle of equality is a nonconsequentialist moral principle.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Arguments for affirmative action based on reasons of compensatory justice must show that compensation to members of certain groups is justified.
a. True
b. False
Q:
No one should use another simply for his or her own sexual gratification.