Philosophy

Q: G.E. Moore held that goodness is a specific quality that attaches to people or acts. This is a form of a. moral pluralism. b. moral realism. c. moral relativism. d. subjectivism.

Q: Which of the following viewpoints necessarily implies that there are no universally applicable moral norms? a. Metaethical relativism b. Subjectivism c. Descriptive relativism d. Objectivism

Q: According to your text, what is a straw man? a. An argument that sets up an easy-to-defeat version of an opposing position b. A scarecrow c. A normative claim d. An argument against relativism

Q: Weak forms of ethical relativism hold that there are objective moral principles, even though they will need to be applied differently in different contexts. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following philosophers does your text describe as a proponent of perspectivism? a. Nietzsche b. Rawls c. Nussbaum d. Pojman

Q: If two people have the same moral values, then they will always reach the same conclusions about what is right and wrong. a. True b. False

Q: The view that moral rules or principles have no exceptions and are context-independent is known as a. absolutism. b. objectivism. c. metaethical relativism. d. pluralism.

Q: The belief that what is right in some circumstances is not necessarily right in others cannot be held by ethical objectivists. a. True b. False

Q: Strong ethical relativism holds that there is no objective good or bad, right or wrong. a. True b. False

Q: Social or cultural relativism holds that what is right is whatever one's society or culture holds to be right. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: Strong ethical relativism holds that a. There is no objective right and wrong. b. Right and wrong are not really knowable. c. Some actions are more right than others. d. All actions are equally moral.

Q: According to Martha Nussbaum, the central capabilities a. Provide the basis of respect for differences. b. Can be realized independent of individual taste. c. Can each be concretely realized in different ways. d. Are contradictory to living an ethical life.

Q: According to W.D. Ross, the fact that there are several prima facie duties means a. That ethical absolutism is the correct approach. b. There is a hierarchical structure to the universal value system. c. That we are obligated to fulfill all of them. d. That there will be conflicts of values.

Q: Absolutism is described as the view that a. It is impossible to know somethings. b. What is good in a concrete case differs from person to person. c. Moral principles are context-independent. d. There are no universal norms.

Q: Which of the following is not a reason for supporting ethical relativism? a. Moral uncertainty b. Diversity of moral views c. Situational differences d. Social cohesion Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: Which of the following is NOT among Nussbaum's "central capabilities?" a. Life b. Religion c. Bodily integrity d. Play

Q: Descriptive relativism necessarily implies metaethical relativism. a. True b. False

Q: According to the text, moral skeptics hold that it is difficult or impossible to know what is good or bad, right or wrong. a. True b. False

Q: Richard Rorry argues that there is no algorithm to determine precise answers about which beliefs are better than others. a. True b. False

Q: According to individual ethical relativism, I cannot be objectively mistaken in my moral judgments. a. True b. False

Q: If people disagree about some moral matter, their disagreement will always be due to their having different moral values. a. True b. False

Q: In which society did tolerance and pluralism originate? a. Western Europe, during the enlightenment. b. Ancient Greece. c. Ancient Rome. d. Many societies across the world, throughout history.

Q: After which major international conflict was the United Nations formed? a. World War I. b. The Boer War. c. The Civil War. d. World War II.

Q: Which approach is aimed at finding common ground between world religions and cultural traditions? a. Religious pluralism. b. The Golden Rule. c. The Golden Mean. d. Value Pluralism.

Q: Which amendment of the US Constitution proclaims religious liberty? a. First. b. Second. c. Third. d. Fourth. Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: The paradox of toleration questions whether which of the following should be tolerated? a. Intolerance b. Philosophy c. Religion d. Authority

Q: Immanuel Kant defined enlightenment in terms of what? a. Religion b. Divine right c. Education d. Freedom

Q: According to your text, which of the following is sometimes criticized for expressing Eurocentric ideals? a. The divine command theory of ethics b. Secular humanism c. Civil disobedience d. Ahisma

Q: The era known as the Enlightenment occurred during which time period? a. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries b. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries c. The sixth and seventh centuries d. The twentieth century

Q: Which of the following problems is a theodicy intended to address? a. The problem of God's existence b. The problem of relativism c. The problem of evil d. The problem of atheism

Q: In Plato's Euthyphro, who subscribes to a divine command theory of ethics? a. Euthyphro b. Socrates c. Plato d. The court of Athens

Q: The Golden Rule is followed by most of the world's major religions. a. True b. False

Q: According to Habermas, fundamentalism is incongruous with democratic society. a. True b. False

Q: Philosophical ethics is necessarily incompatible with religious conviction. a. True b. False

Q: Value pluralism argues that there are multiple and conflicting goods in the world, which cannot be reduced to some other good. a. True b. False

Q: The concept of a single moral community that is not bound to cultural or religious traditions is known as cosmopolitanism. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: Which thinker did NOT promote civil disobedience as a method for protesting and reforming law systems? a. Thoreau. b. Kant. c. Gandhi. d. King Jr.

Q: Secular ethics are only for atheists. a. True b. False

Q: John Locke believed in toleration of religious dissenters. a. True b. False

Q: According to the divine command theory of ethics, certain actions are right because God wills them for us. We therefore have a duty to find out exactly what God wills and distinguish it from what is merely a fallible human wish or interpretation of what Gods will might be. a. True b. False

Q: The Divine Command Theory states that certain actions are sins, based on their moral and ethical value. a. True b. False

Q: A theodicy is an argument that seeks to discredit belief in a deity. a. True b. False

Q: The idea of ahisma was originally developed by Aristotle. a. True b. False

Q: Divine command theory is a form of deontological ethics. a. True b. False

Q: What he did was praiseworthy because it was so selfless. Choose the best answer:

Q: Which type of ethics analyzes and asks the meaning and function of ethical terms, such as "good" or "right," and ethical statements, such as "This is Good." Normative ethics (N) or Metaethics (M)? Label the following as Normative (N) or Descriptive (D) statements.

Q: "More people now than twenty years ago believe that the death penalty is sometimes justified." Label the following as Consequentialist (C) or Non-consequentialist (NC) forms of reasoning.

Q: Although you intended well, what you did was bad because it caused more harm than good. Label these Normative Judgments as Ethical (E), or Aesthetic (A), or Legal (L) Judgments or as matters of Custom (C):

Q: One ought to pay one's taxes. Choose the best answer:

Q: The statement "More than half the people in this country believe that giving military aid to foreign governments is wrong" is Normative (N) or Descriptive (D)? Label the following as Normative (N) or Descriptive (D) statements.

Q: "We ought to respect our elders because it is the right thing to do."

Q: The paradox of toleration is no longer relevant to today's global culture. a. True b. False

Q: Civil disobedience assumes it is permissible to violate a law that goes against your conscience. a. True b. False

Q: That is a worthless piece of art because it says nothing and expresses nothing. Label the following as Consequentialist (C) or Non-consequentialist (NC) forms of reasoning.

Q: Students ought not to cheat on their ethics test because, if everyone cheated, then the test grades would not mean anything.

Q: You should give her the position, because that is the only fair option. Choose the best answer:

Q: That type of ethics which holds that an act is never justified by its consequences, the end does not justify the means: Teleological (T) or Deontological (D) ethics? Label the following as Normative (N) or Descriptive (D) statements.

Q: "It would not be right to decorate a room with furniture from two different historical periods." Label these Normative Judgments as Ethical (E), or Aesthetic (A), or Legal (L) Judgments or as matters of Custom (C):

Q: You ought to stand when the Queen enters the room.

Q: Ethical theory does which of the following a. Proves an argument to be right or wrong. b. Shows people how they should act. c. Agrees with legal decisions. d. Provides reasons for judging actions to be right or wrong.

Q: Which of the following is considered by many to be a problem for naturalistic explanations of ethics? a. The naturalistic fallacy b. Natural law theory c. Subjectivism d. Emotivism

Q: The reasons supporting a conclusion in an argument are called a. ethical principles. b. ad hominems. c. valid forms. d. premises.

Q: Metaethics is largely about studying a. The meanings of ethical language. b. Those things which are beyond normal ethics. c. Historical literature about ethics. d. Ethical decisions sanctioned by religious beliefs.

Q: Ethics requires skillful reasoning. Which of the following is not important to making a good argument? a. The structure of the argument. b. The conclusion follows from the premises. c. The argument leads to the right conclusion. d. The argument has internal logic.

Q: Another name for a good argument is a. A correct argument. b. A sound argument. c. A winning argument. d. A fair argument.

Q: The difference between teleological and deontological is that a. Teleological is moral and deontological is immoral. b. Teleological is focused on intention and deontological is focused on motive. c. Deontological is focused of intention and teleological is focused on consequence. d. Deontological is moral and teleological is immoral.

Q: Which of the following in not a reason given for developing our natural moral reasoning skills? a. We should be able to critically evaluate our own beliefs. b. As we develop our skills we will be able to win more ethical arguments. c. People of all perspectives should be able to hold meaningful dialogue with each other. d. Diverse communities necessitate that values be built of reason.

Q: A key issue in the reading by Hume concerns: a. The difficulty of connecting ethics and natural science. b. The ethics of religion. c. The question of capital punishment. d. The problem of deriving an ought from an is. Indicate one or more answer choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Q: Which of the following claims that our ideas about ethics rest upon some sort of intuitive knowledge of ethical truths. a. Intuitionism b. Emotivism c. Objectivism d. Subjectivism Label these Normative Judgments as Ethical (E), or Aesthetic (A), or Legal (L) Judgments or as matters of Custom (C):

Q: The following is an example of normative ethics: "Capital punishment is wrong because it is wrong to directly take a human life." a. True b. False

Q: In doing metaethics one analyzes the meaning and function of ethical language. a. True b. False

Q: Ethics is that branch of philosophy that is concerned with how we ought to live, with the idea of the good, and with the meaning of such concepts as right and wrong. a. True b. False

Q: The naturalistic fallacy says that you cannot derive a descriptive claim from a normative claim. a. True b. False Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Q: "People often find it difficult to do what they believe is right" is a normative statement. a. True b. False

Q: To say that Sue has a right to know the truth is to give a consequentialist reason for being honest. a. True b. False

Q: Ethics is exclusively a descriptive discipline. a. True b. False

Q: An ethical theory is a systematic exposition of a particular view about what is the nature and basis of good or right. a. True b. False

Q: While emotions or feelings may play some role in moral considerations, in an Ethics course one is also expected to give reasons for one's moral judgments. a. True b. False

Q: The fallacy that criticizes the source of an opinion, instead of critiquing the reason given for it, is called begging the question. a. True b. False

Q: Ethics is a branch of philosophy that seeks to discover what different moral beliefs different people do, in fact, have. a. True b. False

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