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Q:
Exposure to microbes early in life can _________ the immune system.
a. protect
b. harm
c. depress
d. stimulate
Q:
The health effects of industrialization include:
a. a decrease in asthma.
b. an increase in environmental pollutants.
c. a decrease in processed and refined foods in the diet.
d. a reduction in poverty.
Q:
Obesity is associated with a number of health problems, including:
a. cardiovascular disease.
b. Tay-Sachs disease.
c. diabetes.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Barry Popkin found that owing to_________ and _________, obesity levels in many parts of the developing world now match that of the United States.
a. increased levels of malnutrition; poverty
b. obese adult males; their role as leaders of the family diet
c. obese adult females; their role as food preparers
d. dietary change; reduced physical activity
Q:
The nutrition transition refers to:
a. shifts to higher-protein diets.
b. shifts to higher-fat, higher-carbohydrate diets.
c. shifts to lower-fat, lower-carbohydrate diets.
d. shifts in diet due to climate change.
Q:
Americans' body weights vary according to socioeconomic status, inasmuch as:
a. lower-income families tend to consume less protein and fiber, and more sugar.
b. the rich eat more high-fat foods.
c. low-income families consume more saturated fat and sugar, because these cost less.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Hip fractures in older adults are:
a. more common in modern societies than in previous ones.
b. related to decreased longevity.
c. related to vision degeneration over time.
d. the result of a more active lifestyle.
Q:
Human life expectancy in the United States has:
a. increased since 1900, due largely to improvements in medicine and in sanitation.
b. decreased since 1900, because of fast food and sedentary lifestyles.
c. not been affected by nutrition.
d. decreased since 1900, due to a rise in infectious disease.
Q:
Approximately _________ of urban populations reside in slums without access to basic sanitation.
a. 10%
b. 75%
c. 40%
d. 25%
Q:
About _________of the world's population lives in cities.
a. 25%
b. 90%
c. 75%
d. 50%
Q:
Climate change brings about illness and death because of:
a. temperature extremes.
b. decline in air and water quality.
c. both a. and b.
d. interpersonal violence due to competition.
Q:
Biological evolution in humans and in other organisms is evidenced by:
a. increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis.
b. low frequencies of the sickle-cell trait in malaria-endemic areas.
c. basic solutions for coping with climate change.
d. antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in hospitals.
Q:
Of the 7.1 billion people living in the world today, nearly_________ suffer from malnutrition.
a. 1 billion
b. 3 million
c. 6 million
d. 10 million
Q:
Human activities that have contributed to greenhouse gases include:
a. burning of fossil fuels.
b. use of solar power.
c. deforestation.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
One of the most significant items of scientific evidence for global climate change is:
a. the 85% reduction in the size of ice fields atop Mount Kilimanjaro, in Tanzania.
b. a 2F increase in global temperatures during the last 200 years.
c. the decrease of sea levels by 12 cm during the last 100 years.
d. increased precipitation in the Gobi desert.
Q:
Health conditions considered climate-sensitive and likely to increase with increasing greenhouse gases include:
a. cardiovascular disease.
b. rickets.
c. malnutrition.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
As glaciers and ice caps melt_________ and _________ will occur.
a. flooding of low-lying areas; loss of millions of acres of habitable land
b. more fresh water will be released; increases in agriculture and population sustainability
c. ocean temperatures will increase; species die off
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Climate scientists predict that shifting patterns of precipitation and increasing dryness in areas like the American Southwest and Midwest will result in:
a. increase in the thickness of the polar ice caps.
b. decreases in human population density.
c. dramatic increases in species extinction rates.
d. a reduction of agricultural production and therefore a reduced food supply.
Q:
Stable isotopic analysis of oxygen from ice cores dating to the Holocene indicates that:
a. the last 50 yBP were the coldest period in the last 700,000 yBP.
b. the last 50 yBP were the warmest period in the last 9,000 yBP.
c. the last 50,000 yBP have been the warmest on record.
d. the last 100,000 yBP have been the warmest on record.
Q:
The increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere and sea due to human activity is referred to as:
a. one of the many climate fluctuations in Earth's history.
b. global warming.
c. the effects from a change in Earth's gravitational pull.
d. the solar flares on the Sun.
Q:
Discuss the evidence from the skeletons and teeth of early agriculturalists. Then describe the negative consequences of a shift from food foraging to the domestication of food in terms of pathologic evidence.
Q:
Discuss how morphologic changes to modern humans' faces, mandibles, and teeth changed after the shift to agriculture and consumption of softer foods.
Q:
Domestication of plants and animals led to stable food supplies during the Holocene; however, it also resulted in significant environmental and health problems. Discuss these problems in terms of natural selection.
Q:
What two models discuss how innovations spread? By what mechanism did wheat spread from the Levant into Europe?
Q:
What form of subsistence pattern is found in the Neolithic period? Name three geographic regions where Neolithic lifeways appeared independently.
Q:
Evidence of probable violence consists of:
a. cutmarks on skulls.
b. cutmarks on long bones.
c. damage on bones from stone projectile points.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Common types of plants exist mostly in areas of the world with temperate climates and they include a range of crops and their wild ancestors such as:
a. rye and rice.
b. sorghum and millet.
c. wheat and barley.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Hunter-gatherers' skeletons tend to show:
a. less osteoarthritis.
b. higher levels of activity.
c. lower workload/activity.
d. bones with lower density.
Q:
By the close of the Pleistocene the human population numbered:
a. several thousand.
b. 7 billion.
c. several million.
d. 1 billion.
Q:
The core of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion was the result of:
a. a decreased food supply.
b. an increased food supply.
c. agriculture.
d. a sedentary lifestyle.
Q:
Parasitic infections are a primary cause of __________in many regions of the globe.
a. iron-deficiency anemia
b. Staphylococcus aureus
c. treponematoses
d. endemic disease
Q:
During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets and to diagnose the condition as:
a. porotic hyperostosis, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia.
b. periosteal reaction, resulting from changes in diet.
c. ameloblasts, resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection.
d. cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.
Q:
A round cross section of a long bone suggests that:
a. the bone will have greater strength through one of its axes.
b. the bone will have less strength though its y-axis.
c. the bone will have equal strength in all directions.
d. the bone will break given a small amount of tension.
Q:
An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests:
a. that the individual was likely very physically active.
b. that the individual was lethargic and largely sedentary.
c. that the individual had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
d. You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.
Q:
Agriculture resulted in:
a. higher-quality nutrition.
b. a stable, healthy food source.
c. population sedentism and crowding.
d. a shift in social dynamics, resulting in larger families.
Q:
Agricultural foods shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on:
a. carbohydrates.
b. high levels of fat.
c. poorer quality protein.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
The last 10,000 years is called the:
a. Cenozoic.
b. Quaternary.
c. Solutren.
d. Holocene.
Q:
What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?
a. Violence increased.
b. Violence decreased.
c. Violence stayed about the same.
d. Intercultural violence increased.
Q:
The Neolithic site atalhyk is located in:
a. southwest Asia.
b. southern Africa.
c. central Mexico.
d. India.
Q:
Modern diseases made possible by overcrowding include, but are not limited to:
a. measles, mumps, and cholera.
b. smallpox and influenza.
c. chicken pox.
d. both a. and b.
Q:
The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by:
a. 1,000 yBP.
b. 7,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
d. 8,000 yBP.
Q:
Bone comparisons from hunter-gatherers to later agriculturalists to modern peoples show:
a. an increase in size.
b. greater robusticity of the long arm bones only.
c. a decline in size.
d. a stasis in bone density.
Q:
A(n) __________ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.
a. paleontologist.
b. paleoethnobotanist.
c. ethnologist.
d. zooarchaeologist.
Q:
__________ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet:
a. Heme
b. Nonheme
c. Flat
d. Raw
Q:
A symptom of anemia where spongy bone invades the eye sockets is called:
a. hyperosteitis.
b. trabeculitis.
c. orbital arthritis.
d. cribra orbitalia.
Q:
New World domesticated products include:
a. wheat.
b. rice.
c. cotton.
d. pigs.
Q:
Dental caries increased at the same time that populations were producing:
a. nuts.
b. corn.
c. seeds.
d. animal protein.
Q:
The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:
a. weight gain.
b. infectious disease.
c. an increase in health generally.
d. both a and c.
Q:
The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:
a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.
Q:
Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to:
a. cribra orbitalia in eye orbits.
b. expansion and porosity of long bones.
c. a parasitic infection.
d. a genetic disease.
Q:
Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?
a. Height decreased.
b. Height increased.
c. Height became more variable within the population.
d. Height stayed the same.
Q:
Extreme anemia can lead to:
a. cancer.
b. porotic hyperostosis.
c. heart disease.
d. measles.
Q:
Cavities in the teeth are caused by:
a. hypoplasias.
b. enamel defects.
c. dentin foramina.
d. dental caries.
Q:
The frequent occurrence of agriculturalism around the world was accompanied by two phenomena:
a. increase in population size and food shortages.
b. change in climate and consequent change in environment.
c. distribution of land wealth and trade of produce.
d. decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
Q:
The masticatory-functional hypothesis:
a. states that over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
b. states that tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. states that change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
d. states that tooth and jaw size increased over time.
Q:
Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers' to later agriculturalists' to modern peoples':
a. show a remarkable decline in size.
b. show an increase in size.
c. show variation in size to a high degree.
d. demonstrate biological change over time.
Q:
Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:
a. 17,000 yBP.
b. 10,000 yBP.
c. 6,000 yBP.
d. 3,000 yBP.
Q:
As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources:
a. organized warfare developed.
b. cooperation among neighbors developed.
c. agriculture increased as well.
d. violence decreased.
Q:
The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in:
a. a decrease in birthrate.
b. earlier weaning.
c. a slow increase in the world's population.
d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.
Q:
In the American Midwest native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about:
a. 11,500 yBP.
b. 8,000 yBP.
c. 6,000"1,000 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
Q:
Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially:
a. barley, sorghum, and wheat.
b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
c. oats, wheat, and rice.
d. corn, rice, and beans.
Q:
The dog was the first animal to be domesticated during the:
a. Neolithic.
b. Upper Paleolithic.
c. Lower Paleolithic.
d. Cenozoic.
Q:
The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:
a. 6,000 yBP.
b. 4,000 yBP.
c. 1,500 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
Q:
Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning:
a. more people were needed to produce more food.
b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
d. fewer people were available for labor.
Q:
One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is:
a. the shift from foraging to farming.
b. having color depth perception.
c. a larger brain.
d. a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.
Q:
What "symbolic" behavior is evident in the archeological record and associated with Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Europe beginning around 35,000 yBP (during the Upper Paleolithic)?
Q:
What kinds of environmental pressures contributed to the dispersal of modern Homo sapiens around the world? What do the migrations of modern humans into Australia tell us about the range of human variation and adaptability in the past compared to the diversity we see in human populations today?
Q:
Discuss which anatomical traits are used to contrast modern humans' physical appearance with that of similar hominids. Which are derived and which are ancestral? Are these traits biological adaptation, as in the case of Neandertals?
Q:
Discuss the two models of modern human originsout-of-Africa and multiregional continuity. Briefly describe their main tenets and discuss how the more recent assimilation model differs from each.
Q:
Discuss the origin of the Neandertals in terms of biological adaptation and other forces of evolution.
Q:
The out-of-Africa model explains:
a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.
c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.
d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.
Q:
The transition to fully modern Homo sapiens was completed globally by about:
a. 40,000 yBP.
b. 1.6 mya.
c. 160,00 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
Q:
The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are:
a. the suprainiac fossa and globular shape of the skull.
b. thick bones and extra muscles.
c. the body and the length of the arms and legs.
d. the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth.
Q:
Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from:
a. the accumulation of genetic mutations over the last ten years.
b. the group's small breeding population, maintaining genetic diversity.
c. the accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
d. random chance.
Q:
Allen's and Bergmann's rules are perfect examples of natural selection working to bring about anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include:
a. the limb and trunk proportions of Neandertals.
b. the limb and trunk proportions of modern human populations.
c. the limb and trunk proportions of most mammals.
d. all of the above
Q:
While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely to be:
a. a prepared core typical of prehistoric modern humans that inhabited this region.
b. an example of the Levallois technique of Homo erectus.
c. a completed tool that is similar to those you have seen from the Solutrean toolkit.
d. none of the above
Q:
A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely:
a. to be classified as having modern characteristics.
b. to be classified as having australopithecine characteristics.
c. to be classified as having archaic characteristics.
d. to be classified as having apelike characteristics.
Q:
The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.
b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.
Q:
Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
a. Mousterian points
b. Solutrean blades
c. Levallois flakes
d. Folsom points
Q:
A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is:
a. shovel-shaped incisors.
b. large nose.
c. thick, long bones.
d. extra muscles on the scapula.