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Q:
The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _________, dating to _________.
a. Kow Swamp; 13,000 yBP
b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 Ybp
c. Melbourne; 25,000 yBP
d. Tasmania; 35,000 yBP
Q:
According to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
a. disease.
b. loss of food supply.
c. climate change.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
The Homo floresiensis specimen:
a. had a small brain due to a pathology.
b. lived about 20,000 yBP.
c. is the result of genetic drift.
d. fits Allen's rule in body proportions.
Q:
Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
b. 25,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
d. 5,000 yBP.
Q:
The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
a. 12,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
c. 40,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
Q:
The Herto skulls from Ethiopia:
a. are distinctly modern.
b. have a combination of archaic and modern features.
c. are distinctly archaic.
d. are considered Homo habilis.
Q:
All fossils of archaic Homo sapiens and earlier Homo erectus show:
a. continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size.
b. expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity.
c. a large cranial capacity.
d. both a. and b.
Q:
The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?
a. out-of-Africa
b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models supports such a discovery.
Q:
The Neandertals' disappearance after 30,000 yBP likely resulted from:
a. their assimilation.
b. their isolation.
c. their extinction.
d. their migration out of Africa.
Q:
Compared to modern Homo sapiens, archaic Homo sapiens have:
a. a long and low skull, a smaller brain size, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin.
c. a longer and lower skull, a larger browridge, and a bigger and more projecting face.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals:
a. traded with modern humans.
b. used body ornaments.
c. used symbolism.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae
b. the mandible
c. the ribs
d. the hyoid
Q:
The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Neandertals are called:
a. Mousterian.
b. Gravettian.
c. Solutrean.
d. Acheulean.
Q:
The Upper Paleolithic is associated with the_________ method of stone tool production:
a. Mousterin
b. Acheulean
c. Levallois
d. Solutrean
Q:
The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _________ tools which Neandertals produced.
a. blade
b. Acheulean
c. flake
d. Mousterian
Q:
The European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the:
a. later Stone Age.
b. Upper Paleolithic period.
c. Neolithic period.
d. Eurocentric period.
Q:
The oldest Neandertal site dates to __________, at __________.
a. 130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
b. 32,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
c. 130,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
d. 25,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
Q:
Neandertals' cold-adapted traits include:
a. a narrow nasal aperture.
b. short limbs.
c. a wide torso.
d. a projecting midface.
Q:
In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating:
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs.
c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.
Q:
The Multiregional Continuity hypothesis supposes that:
a. modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapiens populations.
b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
c. Homo erectus populations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.
d. archaic Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa to replace Neandertals in Europe.
Q:
The Denisova fossils likely:
a. interbred with Homo erectus.
b. share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
c. were isolated to the point of extinction.
d. looked very much like Neandertals.
Q:
Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of:
a. Atapuerca, Spain.
b. Mauer, Germany.
c. Petralona, Greece.
d. Cro-Magnon, France.
Q:
Traits of anatomically modern humans include:
a. a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.
b. large browridges.
c. an average cranial capacity of 750 cc.
d. a "globular" brain case.
Q:
Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
b. 200,000 yBP.
c. 750,000 yBP.
d. 1,000,000 yBP.
Q:
To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:
a. India.
b. Europe.
c. northern Africa.
d. southeast Asia.
Q:
The last Neandertals date to:
a. 250,000 yBP.
b. 100,000 yBP.
c. 75,000 yBP.
d. 32,000 yBP.
Q:
Archaic Homo sapiens:
a. occurs only in Europe and Asia.
b. shows a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.
c. is dated to the late Pliocene.
d. is often found with Oldowan stone tools.
Q:
Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _________ have been discovered.
a. Homo erectus
b. modern Homo sapiens
c. archaic Homo sapiens
d. Neandertals
Q:
Modern humans have:
a. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
c. a small face, small teeth, and a projecting chin.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Scientists define modern in terms of:
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
b. a designated timeframe between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic.
c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals.
d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
Q:
Describe Homo erectus's cranial and postcranial anatomical characteristics. How is this species significantly different from earlier hominids and how did these characteristics increase the success of this species over that of their ancestors?
Q:
Contrast the cranial and dental anatomy and adaptation of Australopithecus robustus with African Homo erectus.
Q:
Homo erectus was likely the first hominid to successfully migrate out of Africa. Discuss how the biology and culture of Homo erectus led to its success on three major continents with varying environments.
Q:
Discuss the fossil evidence of Homo habilis, and describe the anatomical and behavioral traits of Homo habilis that introduce the evolution of Homo sapiens.
Q:
All fossils represent:
a. transitions.
b. dead end species.
c. an inability to adapt to changing local environments over time.
d. a new evolutionary lineage.
Q:
Intermediate forms in the fossil record include:
a. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
b. Australopithecus anamensis.
c. Ardipithecus ramidus.
d. all of the above
Q:
Nonhuman primates have smaller brains; therefore the birthing process differs by being:
a. shorter and less painful.
b. more dramatic, but shorter.
c. simpler, but dramatic.
d. longer and more painful.
Q:
What is the difference in the living record between human and nonhuman birth?
a. There is no difference.
b. The nonhuman infant's head has a different orientation throughout the delivery.
c. Human births require assistance by others.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to:
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of a cooler climate.
d. none of the above
Q:
Homo erectus's high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its:
a. increased reliance on material culture.
b. increased intelligence.
c. reliance on changing environments.
d. both a. and b.
Q:
What are the differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
a. Homo habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
b. Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
c. Homo habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than Homo erectus.
d. Homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than Homo habilis.
Q:
The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
Q:
The first hominid to migrate out of Africa was:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Homo habilis.
c. Homo erectus.
d. Homo neanderthalensis.
Q:
Homo erectus's cranial capacity:
a. is always less than 1,000 cc.
b. is always more than 800 cc.
c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
Q:
Homo erectus skull morphology includes:
a. a long, low, wide base.
b. thick bones.
c. large browridges.
d. all of the above
Q:
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
a. had a narrower range of functions.
b. used fewer raw materials.
c. were characterized by fewer tool types.
d. required more learning and skill to produce.
Q:
The Acheulean complex:
a. emerged around 2.5 mya.
b. is used to describe simple pebble tools.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.
Q:
Which species became increasingly specialized to foods requiring heavy chewing?
a. Paranthropus
b. Homo habilis
c. Homo erectus
d. Australopithecus
Q:
Fossil evidence of cut marks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:
a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above
Q:
Compared to earlier hominids the increased body size in Homo erectus is likely due to:
a. stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.
b. increased protein in the diet.
c. larger teeth that permitted better food processing.
d. none of the above
Q:
Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate that their average height was:
a. more than 70 percent taller than Homo habilis.
b. similar to that of australopithecines.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
d. three feet.
Q:
Gran Dolina adult hominids were similar to later Homo sapiens in their:
a. ability to produce art.
b. large cranial capacity.
c. wide nasal apertures.
d. none of the above
Q:
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to about:
a. 1.7 mya.
b. 1.2 mya.
c. 500,000 yBP.
d. 800,000 yBP.
Q:
Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:
a. a smaller brain.
b. larger teeth.
c. a bigger sagittal keel.
d. a larger brain.
Q:
What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?
a. an influx of genes for increased height
b. greater access to protein and improved nutrition
c. reaching for fruits higher in the trees, which increased their height over time
d. survival of the fittest
Q:
African Homo erectus cranial features include:
a. thick cranial bones.
b. small browridges.
c. a rounded skull.
d. a sagittal crest.
Q:
The Dmanisi B fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:
a. 1.0 mya.
b. 800,000 yBP.
c. 1.7 mya.
d. 2.5 mya.
Q:
The Homo erectus fossil from Sangiran, Java, dates to:
a. 800,000 yBP.
b. 1.2"1.0 mya.
c. 1.8"1.6 mya.
d. 2.2"2.0 mya.
Q:
The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as:
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan.
c. longer legs than later hominids.
d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.
Q:
A central theme of human evolution is:
a. an increasing adaptive flexibility.
b. a decreasing cranial capacity.
c. a decreasing body size.
d. a more robust jaw.
Q:
Homo erectus fossils date to:
a. 3"1 mya.
b. 2.5 mya".5 mya.
c. 1.8 mya"300,000 mya.
d. 1.2 mya"800,000mya.
Q:
The discoverer of Homo erectus was:
a. Louis Leakey.
b. Richard Leakey.
c. Eugne Dubois.
d. Ernst Haeckel.
Q:
Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above
Q:
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. use of marine resources.
Q:
Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present:
a. only in Homo erectus.
b. only in Homo habilis.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
d. in all australopithecine and Homo species.
Q:
Homo habilis had traits that include:
a. long, modern legs.
b. short legs.
c. a striding gait.
d. quadrupedalism.
Q:
Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by:
a. a smaller face.
b. a bigger brain.
c. a rounder and larger skull.
d. all of the above
Q:
The earliest members of the genus Homo have been found dating from:
a. 0.5 mya"present.
b. 2.5"1.0 mya.
c. 4.0"3.0 mya.
d. none of the above
Q:
The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture shows up in:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo neanderthalensis.
d. Homo habilis.
Q:
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically similar to:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo habilis.
d. Australopithecus robustus.
Q:
Eugne Dubois was one of the first evolutionists in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with:
a. fossil evidence.
b. comparative anatomy.
c. genetics.
d. archaeological remains.
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectus in Western Europe dates from:
a. 1.6 mya, from Sima de los Heusos.
b. .3 mya, from France.
c. 1.6 mya, from Dmanisi, Georgia.
d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
Q:
Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others:
a. were small with robust bones.
b. were tall with robust bones.
c. were gracile.
d. were small with thin bones.
Q:
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like:
a. long legs and opposable toes.
b. double arches and adducted big toe.
c. long arms.
d. foramen magnum at the back of the skull.
Q:
Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:
a. relatively short arms and long legs.
b. brain size within the modern human variation.
c. relatively long arms and short legs.
d. large nose with an improved sense of smell.
Q:
Stone tools were more common from archaeological sites of:
a. Homo rudolfensis.
b. Paranthropus.
c. Australopithecus.
d. Homo habilis.
Q:
Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.5"1 mya?
a. Australopithecus and Homo erectus
b. Homo erectus and Homo rudolfensis
c. Homo habilis and Homo erectus
d. Pithecathropus and Homo rudolfensis
Q:
The original name for Homo erectus was:
a. Australopithecus.
b. Pithecanthropus.
c. Paranthropus.
d. Homo rudolfensis.
Q:
The discoverer of Pithecanthropus erectus was:
a. Eugene Dubois.
b. Time White.
c. Behane Asfaw.
d. Yohannes Haile-Selassie.