Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Physic
Q:
Discuss the Ardipithecus ramidusfossil and its implications for understanding human evolution.
Q:
Discuss the anatomical changes that occurred in the bipedal hominin and how they reflect certain habitat adaptations, and then discuss the hypotheses that propose why the change occurred.
Q:
What was the Piltdown Man? Why was it significant?
Q:
Discuss the two obligate traits, including specific anatomical features, that first emerge in the preaustralopithecines to eventually become firmly established in australopithecines.
Q:
You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?
a. a narrow pelvis
b. posterior position of the foramen magnum
c. opposable hallux
d. thighbones that angle in toward the knees
Q:
A preaustralopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?
a. nonhoning chewing, primitive apelike traits, increased brain size
b. modified honing chewing, primitive apelike traits, increased brain size
c. modified honing chewing, primitive apelike traits, small brain size
d. nonhoning chewing, loss of apelike traits, small brain size
Q:
The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:
a. .5 mya.
b. 1 mya.
c. 2 mya
d. 4 mya.
Q:
Australopithecus garhihas been proposed as an ancestor for Homomainly because:
a. it had a bigger brain than other australopithecines.
b. it had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines.
c. it had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
d. it was bipedal.
Q:
In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine is a:
a. dental gap.
b. gingival space.
c. mesial bridge.
d. diastema.
Q:
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyopswas important mainly because:
a. it had a small brain like an ape's.
b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.
Q:
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensiswas bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
a. femur (thighbone)
b. skull
c. foot
d. pelvis
Q:
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhiwere found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
a. abundant stone tools.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
c. evidence for early Homo.
d. fossil footprints.
Q:
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensiswas humanlike in having:
a. a rounded heel.
b. a nondivergent big toe.
c. a double arch.
d. all of the above
Q:
The earliest hominins probably lived in which kind of environment?
a. dense tropical forest
b. complex hybrid habitats
c. open savannah grassland
d. arid, high-altitude uplands
Q:
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:
a. Orrorin tugenensis.
b. Ardipithecus kadabba.
c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
Q:
The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered (often referred to as the "cradle of humankind") is:
a. Lake Turkana.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
c. Swartkrans.
d. Hadar.
Q:
The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led to early Homo seems to have focused on _________.
a. bipedalism
b. mastication
c. brain size increase
d. body size increase
Q:
Australopithecus garhimay be the ancestor of:
a. Homo habilis.
b. Australopithecus afarensis.
c. Orrorin tugenesis.
d. Homo sapiens.
Q:
The diversity of the hominins included increasingly specialized:
a. locomotion.
b. social patterns.
c. body sizes.
d. diets.
Q:
Australopithecus robustus's large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation:
a. to eating hard food with sand in it.
b. to eating a great deal of red meat.
c. to eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
d. to gnawing on bones.
Q:
Australopithecus robustuswas likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:
a. a big brain, big teeth, and a big face.
b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.
c. a large body, large teeth, and a sagittal crest.
d. a big face, large teeth, and a large body.
Q:
Robust australopithecines were extinct by:
a. 1 mya.
b. 3 mya.
c. 4 mya.
d. their lineage continued
Q:
Along with other distinct traits robust australopithecines had __________ adapted for grinding food.
a. large premolars and molars
b. large temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest
c. large front teeth and small back teeth
d. both a. and b.
Q:
Distinctive traits of robust australopithecines include:
a. small front teeth and large back teeth.
b. a small brain and a large body.
c. a big face and a sagittal crest.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called:
a. Orrorin.
b. Sahelanthropus.
c. Gigantopithecus.
d. Paranthropus.
Q:
The Oldowan Complex includes tools like:
a. hand axes, flakes, and cores.
b. cobbles, flakes, and side scrapers.
c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
d. choppers, hand axes, and side scrapers.
Q:
The Oldowan Complex is a part of the:
a. Upper Paleolithic.
b. Lower Paleolithic.
c. Eocene.
d. Solutrean.
Q:
Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin evolution emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:
a. included the now extinct descendents of Au afarensis.
b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus.
c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages.
d. ended with Au africanus.
Q:
Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa:
a. one was a quadruped and the other a leaper.
b. one was a clinger and the other a climber.
c. one was a knuckle walker and the other a quadruped.
d. one was a climber and the other a biped.
Q:
Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that:
a. early hominins lived in a lush jungle.
b. early hominins lived in a savannah.
c. early hominins lived in a forest.
d. early hominins migrated out of the area due to drought.
Q:
Ardi's intermediate form of bipedality included the use of:
a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches.
c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches.
d. a tail.
Q:
Ardi was adapted to life in trees and:
a. on the ground.
b. in the desert.
c. near water.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensislived in a:
a. dry savannah.
b. woodland.
c. jungle.
d. forest environment.
Q:
Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism, which is evidence for cooperation and likely for:
a. monogamy.
b. multifamily grouping.
c. pair bonding.
d. multimale grouping.
Q:
Owen Lovejoy's Provisioning hypothesis proposes that:
a. bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.
b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.
c. bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.
d. bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.
Q:
The Patchy Forest hypothesis proposes that:
a. forests became patchy and food more dispersed.
b. forests became lush woodlands.
c. forests became wet and swamplike.
d. forests did not change.
Q:
Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis?
a. big toe opposability
b. larger body size
c. length of the calcaneus
d. nonhoning chewing complex
Q:
The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include:
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
b. Paranthropus.
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
d. Orrorin tugenensis.
Q:
Using tools and tool making is an adaptation by hominins as a result of:
a. improved diet.
b. bipedalism.
c. sleeping.
d. becoming larger.
Q:
An increased ability to see greater distances is one of the adaptations to:
a. bipedalism.
b. diurnal sleeping patterns.
c. improved diet.
d. becoming larger.
Q:
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include:
a. an increased ability to see greater distances.
b. running faster.
c. ease of transporting food.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Thick dental enamel in__________ helps with crushing food.
a. apes
b. australopithecines
c. humans
d. eosimians
Q:
Humans use their molars for:
a. biting.
b. crushing.
c. shearing.
d. mashing.
Q:
Hominins have canines that are:
a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema.
b. large and pointed, with a diastema.
c. projecting, with a diastema.
d. part of a honing complex.
Q:
Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism?
a. opposable thumb
b. nails instead of claws
c. convergent eyes
d. longitudinal arch in the foot
Q:
The foundational behavior of Hominini was:
a. hunting.
b. tool use.
c. bipedalism.
d. speech.
Q:
A hominin is defined as having two obligate behaviors:
a. speech and advanced cognition.
b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex.
c. bipedal locomotion and speech.
d. nonhoning chewing complex and advanced cognition.
Q:
Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:
a. do not define a hominin.
b. define a hominin.
c. define a higher primate.
d. did not evolve through the primate lineage.
Q:
Discuss the evolution of primates beginning with the Paleocene proprimates. In your answer, consider the effect of climate change on the environment and primates' environmental adaptations.
Q:
Discuss the selective pressures operating in the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene that favored an adaptive radiation of monkeys and contributed to decreased diversity among apes.
Q:
Name and briefly describe the three hypotheses of primate origins.
Q:
Why is the Fayum depression in Egypt such an important site for understanding the origin and diversification of anthropoid primates?
Q:
The shift from the Miocene, which had greater diversity of ape species and fewer monkey species, to a living assemblage with greater diversity of monkey species and fewer ape species may be the result of:
a. global climate changes that resulted in cooler, wetter environments less optimal for ape species.
b. differences in ability to exploit the habitats that resulted after a change in global climate.
c. cooler climates, where it is more difficult to preserve larger ape fossils.
d. declines in ape diversity, caused by competition from hominin species.
Q:
The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines is:
a. Oligopithecus.
b. Aegyptopithecus.
c. Parapithecus.
d. Apidium.
Q:
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?
a. long legs
b. pointy teeth
c. large eye orbits
d. short fingers and toes
Q:
The space between the canine and the first premolar in the lower jaw of some primates is a(n):
a. retrocanine space.
b. alveolus.
c. mandibular gap.
d. diastema.
Q:
Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone?
a. adapids
b. plesiadapiforms
c. anthropoids
d. omomyids
Q:
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:
a. 5 mya.
b. 10 mya.
c. 15 mya.
d. 25 mya.
Q:
Which of the following apes has been proposed as the last common ancestor of living African apes and humans?
a. Ouranopithecus
b. Sivapithecus
c. Dryopithecus
d. Gigantopithecus
Q:
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is:
a. a 2-1-2-3 dental formula.
b. a long canine tooth in males.
c. a Y-5 molar pattern.
d. bilophodont molars.
Q:
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
a. a meteor impact.
b. a disease pandemic.
c. climate change.
d. early humans hunting them for food.
Q:
During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?
a. prosimians
b. monkeys
c. apes
d. humans
Q:
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
a. gorilla
b. orangutan
c. chimpanzee
d. gibbon
Q:
If you are examining the fossil remains of the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?
a. India
b. Bolivia
c. France
d. China
Q:
The northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of its:
a. ankle.
b. skull.
c. lower premolar tooth.
d. pelvis.
Q:
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:
a. primate.
b. anthropoid.
c. New World monkey.
d. ape.
Q:
Which Eocene organisms had clear primate characteristics like a postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a large brain?
a. proprimates and euprimates
b. adapids and omomyids
c. basal anthropoids
d. plesiadapiforms
Q:
A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the:
a. adaptive radiation of Euprimates.
b. development of Dryopithecus.
c. spread of Sivapithecus.
d. extinction of many primate species.
Q:
The similarity of the foot bones between _________ and the living anthropoids makes it the likely first true primate.
a. Proconsul
b. Micropithecus
c. Dryopithecus
d. Eosimias
Q:
A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is:
a. biologically sound.
b. likely facing extinction.
c. biologically diverse.
d. is protected from extinction.
Q:
Which species of early primates had the most biological diversity?
a. Eosimias
b. Proconsul
c. Dryopithecus
d. Oreopithecus
Q:
Apes first appear in Europe and Asia from about:
a. 17 mya.
b. 6 mya.
c. 10 mya.
d. 12 mya.
Q:
Like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has:
a. sharp high crests on the teeth.
b. large canines and no diastema.
c. a Y-5 molar pattern and Sinodonty.
d. a Y-5 molar pattern, low rounded cusps, large canines, and a diastema.
Q:
A difference between Miocene apes and modern apes is:
a. the length of the tail.
b. the breadth of the ribcage.
c. the size of the hands.
d. the morphology of the foot.
Q:
Monkeys underwent massive__________in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
a. extinction
b. adaptive radiation
c. migration
d. diversification
Q:
The evolution of apes began in Africa and continued into:
a. Europe and Asia.
b. Asia and South America.
c. Europe and South America.
d. Greece and South America.
Q:
Canadian primate paleontologist David Begun proposes that climate changes in Europe prompted late Miocene apes to:
a. migrate to Asia from Europe following food sources.
b. take advantage of lower sea levels to migrate from Europe to South America.
c. spread to Europe from Africa following the expansion of tropical forests.
d. move from Europe back to Africa following food sources.
Q:
Chororapithecus is considered the:
a. oldest fossil in Africa.
b. ancestor to Gigantopithecus.
c. common ancestor of African apes and hominins.
d. ancestor to Aegyptopithecus.
Q:
Gigantopithecus:
a. stood four feet tall and weighed 300 pounds.
b. stood ten feet tall and weighed 660 pounds.
c. stood six feet tall and weighed 250 pounds.
d. stood five feet tall and weighed 400 pounds.
Q:
Which two genera may be the ancestor to the orangutan?
a. Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus
b. Gigantopithecus and Khoratpithecus
c. Khoratpithecus and Gigantopithecus
d. Sivapithecus and Khoratpithecus