Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Physic
Q:
Comparisons of tooth wear in living apes and extinct Miocene apes suggest that some extinct species of apes ate:
a. insects, fruit, and leaves.
b. leaves, grass, and bark.
c. leaves, nuts, and fruits.
d. nuts, fruits, and small animals.
Q:
The best-accepted hypothesis for the dispersal of African monkeys to the New World is:
a. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated to South America in the Oligocene.
b. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated across the Atlantic to South America.
c. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated south on land to Antarctica, then to Patagonia.
d. Old and New World anthropoids evolved independently from different lineages in Africa and South America, respectively.
Q:
Two genera of propliopithecids include:
a. Aegyptopithecus and Micropithecus.
b. Propliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus.
c. Micropithecus and Aegyptopithecus.
d. Propliopithecus and Proconsul.
Q:
The Fayum desert has yielded fossils of these three primates:
a. Oligopithecus, Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus.
b. Proconsul, Notharctus, and Adapis.
c. Eosimias, Biretia, and Micropithecus.
d. Proconsul, Eosimias, and Adapis.
Q:
Basal anthropoids are:
a. Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.
b. Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
c. Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates.
d. Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.
Q:
Which genus is considered the ancestor to adapids and omomyids?
a. Notharctus
b. Proconsul
c. Carpolestes
d. Eosimias
Q:
Euprimates represent the:
a. first true anthropoids.
b. first true primates.
c. first true mammals.
d. first true catarrhini.
Q:
Plesiadapiforms are also called:
a. proprimates.
b. dryopithecids.
c. proconsulids.
d. adapids.
Q:
Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:
a. adapids.
b. proconsulids.
c. dryopithecids.
d. plesiadapiforms.
Q:
The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposes that:
a. primates' unique traits are an adaptation to living in trees.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects.
c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic.
d. primates could see predators in advance.
Q:
The visual predation hypothesis proposes that:
a. better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals.
c. species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.
d. predators had the ability to see primates better.
Q:
The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees, such as:
a. grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence.
b. grasping hands, tails, and intelligence.
c. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and tails.
d. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and grasping hands and feet.
Q:
Differentiate between absolute and relative dating techniques, giving one example of each.
Q:
How does Steno's law of superposition support relative and absolute dating methods?
Q:
Why is punctuated equilibrium an important addition to natural selection?
Q:
How do dating methods help to support the theory of natural selection and biological evolution?
Q:
At a site in the American Southwest, you find only a single ceramic pot in association with an individual within a burial. You can use the pot to date the burial based on:
a. biostratigraphic dating, because there may be animal remains inside the pot.
b. cultural dating, since the pot must be specific to a known culture and time period.
c. radiopotassium dating of the material used to make the pot.
d. fission track dating of the pot itself.
Q:
The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the:
a. semichron.
b. middlemorph.
c. demidose.
d. half-life.
Q:
Studies of temperatures during the Cenozoic era suggest that:
a. temperatures have steadily increased over time.
b. temperatures have steadily decreased over time.
c. temperatures have fluctuated, sometimes greatly, over time.
d. temperatures have stayed basically the same over time.
Q:
During crucial periods of human evolution, the Pleistocene was characterized by:
a. massive glaciation, then warm interglacials.
b. high humidity.
c. aridity then humidity.
d. glaciation then aridity.
Q:
Electron spin resonance dating can provide dates when used on which type of material?
a. wood
b. shells
c. teeth
d. stone
Q:
Thermoluminescence dating can provide dates when used on which types of materials?
a. sediment, stone, and ceramics
b. bone, wood, and stone
c. bone, shell, and fabric
d. shell, ceramics, and wood
Q:
Fission track dating can provide dates when used on which type of material?
a. sedimentary rock
b. shell
c. bone
d. igneous rock
Q:
Coinciding with the appearance of early hominins about 5"10 mya, the climate was:
a. wet and rainy.
b. hot and humid.
c. dry and seasonal.
d. temperate.
Q:
Some of the best information on climate history is based on the study of:
a. amino acids.
b. foraminifera.
c. isotopes.
d. dendrochronology.
Q:
Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?
a. carbon 14 dating
b. amino acid dating
c. potassium-argon dating
d. electron spin resonance dating
Q:
What is the most important feature of climate?
a. weather
b. sea levels
c. temperature
d. isotopes
Q:
Based on the molecular clock, geneticists believe the split between chimps and hominins occurred:
a. 10"12 mya.
b. 8"10 mya.
c. 6"8 mya.
d. 4"6 mya.
Q:
An index fossil is:
a. a fossil found in a particular site.
b. the ideal specimen of that species that all examples must follow.
c. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer.
d. the type specimen of a species.
Q:
Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?
a. savannah
b. woodland
c. grassland
d. swamp
Q:
The molecular clock has been useful to determine the phylogenetic relationships of species based on the assumption that:
a. a species accumulates genetic differences over time at a constant rate.
b. all species are related.
c. species will eventually change in time.
d. species adapt at specific rates.
Q:
For dating hominin fossils that go back 4 million years, what dating methods might be used?
a. electron spin resonance
b. thermoluminescence
c. amino acid method
d. both a. and b.
Q:
Fluorine dating is an example of what type of dating method?
a. chronometric
b. nonrelative
c. chemical
d. genetic
Q:
Stratigraphic correlation is:
a. matching strata by chemical composition and color from several sites across distances.
b. correlating stratigraphic markers in one location.
c. matching stratigraphy from known sites only.
d. dating through the use of a chronometric method.
Q:
A hearth is discovered with bone fragments in it. What method might be used to date the bone?
a. dendrochronology
b. electron spin resonance
c. fission track
d. amino acid method
Q:
Paleosols and fauna in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia show that:
a. the earliest hominins lived in wooded settings.
b. the earliest hominins lived in unwooded grassland settings.
c. the earliest hominins lived in marshy settings.
d. the earliest hominins lived in desert settings.
Q:
Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on:
a. carbon 14.
b. isotopes.
c. index fossils.
d. carbon 13 and carbon 12.
Q:
Chemical analysis of the _________ can provide information on diets and habitats.
a. shell
b. cloth
c. bones and teeth
d. wood
Q:
A mummy is discovered whose tomb includes cloth, food, and other organic remains. What dating method might be used to date the tomb?
a. carbon 4
b. carbon 14
c. dendrochronology
d. electron spin resonance
Q:
A wooden tomb is discovered with a well-preserved mummy inside. What method could be used to date the tomb?
a. superposition
b. electron spin resonance
c. thermoluminescence
d. dendrochronology
Q:
During the Holocene artifacts like __________ began to appear.
a. bones and teeth
b. ceramics
c. shell
d. wood objects
Q:
Cultural dating can be used to date:
a. ceramics.
b. bones and teeth.
c. shells.
d. trilobite evolution.
Q:
In the 1600s Nicolaus Steno proposed :
a. the principle of uniformitarianism.
b. taphonomy.
c. the law of stratigraphy.
d. the law of superposition.
Q:
What is the basic difference between relative and absolute dating?
a. the use of species
b. the use of bones and teeth
c. the use of an actual number of years
d. the use of wood
Q:
Which period saw the proliferation of mammals?
a. Holocene
b. Cenozoic
c. Jurassic
d. Mesozoic
Q:
A layer of stratigraphy in one location overwhelmingly represents one species, while the same species is discovered in a similar stratigraphic layer fifty miles away. What method is used to provide an estimate of age for this layer and this species?
a. biostratigraphy
b. dendrochronology
c. Steno's law of superposition
d. carbon 14
Q:
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:
a. superposition.
b. paleomagnetism.
c. fluorine analysis.
d. geolayering.
Q:
Igneous rock can be dated with which of the following methods?
a. radiopotassium dating
b. dendrochronology
c. radiocarbon dating
d. flourine dating
Q:
The original continent that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is called:
a. Eurasia.
b. Afrinesia.
c. Australasia.
d. Pangaea.
Q:
The earth's age is:
a. 4.6 billion years.
b. 3.4 billion years.
c. 6,000 years.
d. 12 billon years.
Q:
To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called:
a. a chronological sequence.
b. an era.
c. a period.
d. a phylogeny.
Q:
The three eras that make up earth history are:
a. strata, stratigraphy, and striations.
b. Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene.
c. Early, Middle, and Upper Miocene.
d. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
Q:
Eras are:
a. divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
b. a fictitious time frame.
c. divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in "Stone Age."
d. representations of time frames for certain fossil species.
Q:
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and western parts of the continent. Why is this?
a. More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.
b. Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life.
c. These areas provided better preservation.
d. Many villagers gather to sell fossils in these areas only.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization?
a. mud
b. acidic soil (as in a jungle)
c. sand
d. rock
Q:
Taphonomy is the study of:
a. human cultural remains.
b. human genetics.
c. the processes that affect an organism after death.
d. the processes that affect a living organism through life.
Q:
The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:
a. archaeology.
b. cryptozoology.
c. forensic biology.
d. taphonomy.
Q:
Crucial to creating a fossil record of a species is a:
a. paleontologist.
b. representation.
c. cladistics.
d. binomial nomenclature.
Q:
The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:
a. William Smith.
b. Charles Lyell.
c. Alfred Wallace.
d. Richard Owen.
Q:
The study of fossils is called:
a. phylogeny.
b. biology.
c. chronometry.
d. paleontology.
Q:
Describe some examples of learned behavior and cultural traditions among primates.
Q:
What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?
Q:
Why are primates social?
Q:
Describe the range of primate residence patterns. Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.
Q:
Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.
Q:
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?
a. predation
b. niche competition
c. adaptive radiation
d. habitat
Q:
Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate societies?
a. Altruistic behavior is not directed randomly, but toward related individuals.
b. Altruistic behavior is an example of kin selection.
c. Altruistic behavior is likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic relatedness among individuals.
d. Altruistic behavior is random.
Q:
Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT:
a. infanticide.
b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls.
c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group
d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
Q:
The higher the social rank of a female primate the:
a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates.
d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
Q:
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in varying reproductive strategies.
b. reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.
c. primates do not vary in their ability to respond to differing energy requirements.
d. females acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.
Q:
Polyandrous residence patterns represent:
a. a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females.
b. common observations in prosimians and Old World monkeys.
c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities.
d. a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.
Q:
All-male groups of nonhuman primates:
a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups.
b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.
c. become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems.
d. do not exist in the wild.
Q:
Which of the following are NOT known primate residence patterns?
a. one-male, multifemale; all-male; solitary
b. one-female, multimale; one-male, multifemale; one-male, one-female
c. one-male, multifemale; multimale, multifemale; solitary
d. all-female; multimale, one female; solitary
Q:
A male and female gibbon that are similar in size are likely showing:
a. the lack of sexual dimorphism due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons.
b. the lack of sexual dimorphism as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment.
c. the lack of sexual dimorphism due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure.
d. the lack of sexual dimorphism, which is not related to social structure in gibbons.
Q:
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which species?
a. baboon
b. gibbon
c. orangutan
d. chimpanzee
Q:
How do primates communicate?
a. through a system of adaptation that varies among social groups
b. through the use of symbols
c. through speech learned from primatologists
d. through vocalizations that serve a range of functions and contexts
Q:
How do primates acquire food?
a. through cooperation among kin groups, mostly by hunting
b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies
c. through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies
d. through the use of highly developed material culture
Q:
Male reproductive strategies emphasize:
a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.
b. risk-taking behavior.
c. violence against competitors for female access.
d. care of young.
Q:
Female reproductive strategies emphasize:
a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously.
b. having one birth per year.
c. having twin births every year.
d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.
Q:
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
a. They are not diverse.
b. They welcome newcomers as humans do.
c. They are highly diverse.
d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.