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Q:
Why are primates social in the short term?
a. to increase female fecundity in dominant females only
b. to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females
c. to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators
d. to share food sources
Q:
Why are primates social in the long term?
a. to reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success
b. to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society
c. to emphasize care of the young
d. to develop support for females to increase fecundity
Q:
Vocalization in chimp groups:
a. occurs only to communicate a food source.
b. exists only among the dominant hierarchies.
c. sounds like howls and growls.
d. is unique to specific groups or regions.
Q:
Vocalizations enable primates to:
a. communicate as humans do.
b. solve distressing situations among primate groups.
c. name resources and monitor the social group.
d. communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.
Q:
Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:
a. screams, gnashing, and hissing.
b. grunts, pants, and hoots.
c. howling, hoots, and high-pitched screams.
d. pants, coos, and gurgles.
Q:
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
a. the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy.
b. lessons taught by primatologists.
c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
d. individual factors, as in humans.
Q:
Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest:
a. includes stress calls between kin only.
b. includes mating calls between dominant primates only.
c. includes two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans.
d. includes two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
Q:
The study of primate vocal communication:
a. has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates.
b. has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak.
c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
d. demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.
Q:
Availability of food:
a. is dependent upon kin selection.
b. can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.
c. is determined by the alpha male only.
d. is restricted to individuals in the dominant hierarchy.
Q:
Distribution refers to:
a. the location of food across the landscape.
b. the dispersal of a primate group, particularly regarding food scavenging.
c. the equitable distribution of food among relatives.
d. the adjustment in size of a feeding group.
Q:
Quality in feeding strategy refers to:
a. the location of food sources.
b. the acquisition of food.
c. the food that can be stored for future consumption.
d. a food's providing energy and protein that are readily digestible.
Q:
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding are:
a. speed, agility, and strength.
b. source, quantity, and safety.
c. quality, distribution, and availability of food.
d. cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
Q:
Kin selection refers to:
a. nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group.
b. altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness and that of the donor's relatives.
c. altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin.
d. altruistic behavior that increases only the donor's inclusive fitness.
Q:
Altruistic behavior:
a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
Q:
Grooming involves:
a. the development of alliances between females only.
b. the development of alliances between males only.
c. bonding between individuals of the same rank only, picking through the skin and hair of another individual.
d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
Q:
Sexual selection:
a. is the physical competition for access to females.
b. is the competition for resources to access females.
c. is the frequency of a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
d. is the selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.
Q:
Monogamous:
a. refers to a social group that is dominated by a single sex.
b. refers to a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
c. refers to primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family.
d. refers to a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.
Q:
Polyandrous:
a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.
b. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
c. means "many offspring."
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.
Q:
Polygynous:
a. means "many marriages."
b. means "many offspring."
c. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.
Q:
Sexual dimorphism:
a. relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.
b. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.
d. determines male and female social hierarchy.
Q:
Sexual dimorphism:
a. relates to the mating rites of primates.
b. concerns differences in body size and canine size.
c. determines male and female social hierarchy.
d. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
Q:
Primatologists:
a. explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
b. study just one aspect of primates.
c. study cultural anthropology.
d. know nothing of primate bones.
Q:
Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance:
a. body size.
b. brain size.
c. population size.
d. survival and reproduction.
Q:
Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances including by:
a. rank.
b. age.
c. kinship.
d. all of the above
Q:
Primate societies are diverse in several ways, including that:
a. several species of primates coexist socially.
b. many primate societies are complexly organized.
c. some primate societies are male only.
d. some primate societies are female only.
Q:
Diversity in primate societies means that:
a. primates express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
b. primates encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors.
c. primates can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior.
d. primates are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.
Q:
Evaluate and explain the evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between humans and other primates.
Q:
Discuss the anatomical differences of the skeleton between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.
Q:
Discuss the anatomical differences between prosimians and anthropoids. How do these anatomical differences influence behavior and socialization among the respective primate groups?
Q:
Discuss the diversity of the dentition among primates. Pay particular attention to how form follows function with regard to dental morphology and diet.
Q:
Discuss the primate parental investment in terms of success in natural selection. What are the most important aspects of primate parenting and what is their value to socialization?
Q:
Describe the arboreal adaptation of primates and include specific anatomical characteristics.
Q:
Catarrhines' nostrils are:
a. far apart and face sideways.
b. close together and face downward.
c. large due to their heightened sense of smell.
d. wide and include a large nasal sinus.
Q:
Brachiation refers to
a. using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
b. quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail.
c. clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment.
d. bipedality in nonhumans.
Q:
Primates are characterized by:
a. forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior.
b. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance.
c. docility, toolmaking, and parental investment.
d. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.
Q:
Strepsirhines have:
a. a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs.
b. a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs.
c. a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
d. a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and ischial callosities.
Q:
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
a. the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
b. morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
c. alternative forms of classification.
d. levels of anatomical complexity.
Q:
Phylogeny refers to:
a. evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
b. the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity.
c. primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk.
d. a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.
Q:
Among all primates humans have:
a. the largest olfactory bulb.
b. the greatest sense of hearing.
c. the most developed vision.
d. the most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.
Q:
The cladistic primate classification includes:
a. anthropods and haplorhines.
b. hominoids and chordata.
c. strepsirhines and haplorhines.
d. pongidae and omomyidae.
Q:
The cladistic approach to primate classification is:
a. based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral lines.
b. based on personal observation of phenotypes only.
c. also called the gradistic method of classification.
d. based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships.
Q:
Among all primates, humans have:
a. the largest body relative to other animals.
b. the greatest level of biological adaptability.
c. the largest body size.
d. the largest brain relative to body size.
Q:
Primates have long growth and development periods because:
a. they take longer to develop to sexual maturity.
b. on average they are larger bodied than nonprimates.
c. they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
d. the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.
Q:
Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called:
a. a bilophodont.
b. a two-ridge tooth.
c. a diastema.
d. a tooth comb.
Q:
Preadaptation is:
a. the series of small adaptations that precedes the more observable adaptation.
b. the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
c. the use of an anatomical feature in the way it was originally intended.
d. a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.
Q:
Old World monkeys have:
a. Y-5 molars.
b. two sets of molars.
c. bilophodont molars.
d. one-inch molars.
Q:
Which of the following were identified by Sir William le Gros Clark as tendencies of primates?
a. the presence of a rhinarium and an opposable thumb
b. increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation
c. arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity
d. the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care
Q:
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is:
a. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
c. the Y-5 cusp pattern.
d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.
Q:
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:
a. among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
b. a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
c. not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos.
d. among the most endangered animal species due to disease.
Q:
Dietary plasticity in primates refers to:
a. eating a wide variety of foods.
b. diversity of diets over time.
c. diets composed of a variety of red meats.
d. diets composed of a variety of fruits.
Q:
The increased brain size observed in the order Primates:
a. results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
b. results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
c. demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Relative to body size, primate brain size:
a. is proportional to human brain size.
b. is more or less the same in large and small primates.
c. is smaller than in other large mammals.
d. is larger among great apes than among other primates.
Q:
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:
a. colobus monkeys.
b. chimpanzees.
c. lemurs.
d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The rhinarium is present in:
a. baboons.
b. gorillas.
c. ring-tail lemurs.
d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
a. 1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
b. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
c. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
d. 3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is:
a. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
b. 1 / 1 / 3 / 3.
c. 2 / 1 / 3 / 2.
d. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back belongs to:
a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d. none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians)
Q:
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:
a. an Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
b. a lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
c. a New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
d. a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
Q:
The reintroduction project of lemurs on St. Catherines Island provided more evidence of:
a. the fact that lemurs should never be reintroduced to the island of Madagascar.
b. the fact that the reintroduction programs are quite simple and can likely be carried out in any circumstance.
c. the fact that primates exhibit remarkable levels of adaptability under many circumstances.
d. the fact that primates are not able to survive outside their natural geographic habitats.
Q:
In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate. While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar. In your lab book you note:
a. that this is likely the lower jaw of a human, due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
c. that this is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
d. that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
Q:
In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that:
a. this primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
b. this is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
c. this primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates still relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
d. this species is nocturnal.
Q:
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that:
a. the researchers are relying on genetic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
b. the researchers are relying on anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
c. the researchers are relying on genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term "hominid" to describe human ancestors.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
Arboreal adaptation is:
a. adaptation to life in the trees.
b. the ability to brachiate.
c. adaptation to life in the savannah.
d. the ability to move on four limbs.
Q:
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. New World and Old World monkeys.
b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
c. great apes and lesser apes.
d. lemurs, lorises, and galagos.
Q:
Colobine primates:
a. are mostly frugivorous.
b. are usually terrestrial.
c. have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
d. are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.
Q:
Prehensile tails:
a. are present in catarrhine primates.
b. are present in most primates.
c. are present only in some platyrrhines.
d. are made strictly of muscle.
Q:
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:
a. have more teeth.
b. have better color vision.
c. are less dimorphic sexually.
d. have a smaller brain relative to body size.
Q:
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. a larger brain.
c. a reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Q:
The genetic classification for apes and humans:
a. includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
b. uses the term "hominid" to describe only humans and their ancestors.
c. divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
d. includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.
Q:
Anthropoids include:
a. monkeys, apes, and humans.
b. African and Asian apes.
c. tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.
d. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
Q:
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. only nocturnal species.
b. only diurnal species.
c. diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
d. diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
Q:
Primate females:
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. give birth to twins regularly.
Q:
Low, rounded cusps indicate a diet of:
a. fruit.
b. meat.
c. insects.
d. leaves.
Q:
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from:
a. the fact that their eyes are rotated forward.
b. their tendency toward nocturnality.
c. their color vision.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
a. opposable thumbs.
b. a precision grip.
c. short digits.
d. an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
Q:
While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses. This indicates:
a. a species of prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
b. a species of anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
c. a species of platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
d. A species of strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates.
Q:
The two suborders of primates are:
a. platyrrhine and catarrhine.
b. prosimians and anthropoids.
c. pongidae and hominidae.
d. tarsiers and anthropoids.
Q:
Which of the following are prosimians?
a. baboons
b. gibbons
c. lemurs
d. tamarins
Q:
Living lemurs are found only in:
a. Asia.
b. Africa.
c. South America.
d. Madagascar.
Q:
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of:
a. fruit.
b. leaves.
c. meat.
d. insects.