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Physic
Q:
To make an uncharged object have a negative charge we must:
A) add some atoms
B) remove some atoms
C) add some electrons
D) remove some electrons
E) write down a negative sign
Q:
When a hard rubber rod is given a negative charge by rubbing it with wool:
A) positive charges are transferred from rod to wool
B) negative charges are transferred from rod to wool
C) positive charges are transferred from wool to rod
D) negative charges are transferred from wool to rod
E) negative charges are created and stored on the rod
Q:
A conductor is distinguished from an insulator with the same number of atoms by the number of:
A) nearly free atoms
B) electrons
C) nearly free electrons
D) protons
E) molecules
Q:
An electrical insulator is a material:
A) containing no electrons
B) through which electrons do not flow easily
C) which has more electrons than protons on its surface
D) cannot be a pure chemical element
E) must be a crystal
Q:
A charged insulator can be discharged by passing it just above a flame. This is because the flame:
A) warms it
B) dries it
C) contains carbon dioxide
D) contains ions
E) contains more rapidly moving atoms
Q:
The charge on a glass rod which has been rubbed with silk is called positive:
A) by arbitrary convention
B) so that the proton charge will be positive
C) to conform to the conventions adopted for Gand min Newton's law of gravitation
D) because like charges repel
E) because glass is an insulator
Q:
Q:
A neutral metal ball is suspended by a string. A positively charged insulating rod is placed near the ball, which is observed to be attracted to the rod. This is because:
A) the ball becomes positively charged by induction
B) the ball becomes negatively charged by induction
C) the number of electrons in the ball is more than the number in the rod
D) the string is not a perfect insulator
E) there is a rearrangement of the electrons in the ball
Q:
Let kbe the Boltzmann constant. If the thermodynamic state of gas at temperature T changes isothermally and reversibly to a state with three timesthe number of microstates as initially, the energy input to gas as heat is:A) Q= 0B) Q= 3kTC) Q= -3kTD) Q= kTln3E) Q= -kTln3
Q:
Let kbe the Boltzmann constant. If the configuration of molecules in a gas changes from one with a multiplicity of M1to one with a multiplicity of M2, then entropy changes by:A) S= 0B) S= k(M2- M1)C) S= kM2/M1D) S= kln(M2M1)E) S= kln(M2/M1)
Q:
Let kbe the Boltzmann constant. If the configuration of the molecules in a gas changes so that the multiplicity is reduced to one-third its previous value, the entropy of the gas changes by:A) S= 0B) S= 3kln2C) S= -3kln2D) S= kln(1/3)E) S= -3ln3
Q:
The thermodynamic state of gas changes configuration from one with 3.8x1018microstates to one with 7.9 x1019microstates. The Boltzmann constant is 1.38x10-23J/K. The change in entropy is:A)S= 0B) S= 1.05x10-23J/KC) S= -1.05x10-23J/KD) S= 4.19 x10-23J/KE) S= -4.19 x10-23J/K
Q:
Twenty-five identical molecules are in a box. Microstates are designated by identifying the molecules in the left and right halves of the box. The Boltzmann constant is 1.38 x10-23J/K. The entropy associated with the configuration for which 15 molecules are in the left half and 10 molecules are in the right half is:A) 2.07 x10-22J/KB) 7.31x10-22J/KC) 4.44 x10-23J/KD) 6.91 x10-23J/KE) 2.22 x10-23J/K
Q:
For a system of molecules,
A) each configuration is equally probable.
B) microstates with more configurations are more probable than other microstates.
C) configurations with more microstates are more probable than other configurations.
D) microstates with more configurations are less probable than other microstates.
E) configurations with more microstates are less probable than other configurations.
Q:
Twenty-five identical molecules are in a box. Microstates are designated by identifying the molecules in the left and right halves of the box. The multiplicity of the configuration with 15 molecules in the right half and 10 molecules in the left half is:A) 1.03 x1023B) 3.27 x106C) 150D) 25E) 5
Q:
For a system of molecules,
A) each configuration consists of a set of equivalent microstates.
B) each microstate consists of a set of equivalent configurations.
C) the number of configurations in a microstate is the multiplicity of the microstate.
D) the multiplicity of the configuration is the product of the number of molecules in each microstate.
E) each configuration is equally probable.
Q:
A Carnot heat engine and an irreversible heat engine both operate between the same high temperature and low temperature reservoirs. They absorb the same heat from the high temperature reservoir as heat. The irreversible engine:
A) does more work
B) rejects more energy to the low temperature reservoir as heat
C) has the greater efficiency
D) has the same efficiency as the reversible engine
E) cannot absorb the same energy from the high temperature reservoir as heat without violating the second law of thermodynamics
Q:
An inventor claims to have a heat engine that has efficiency of 40% when it operates between a high temperature reservoir of 150°C and a low temperature reservoir of 30°C. This engine:A) must violate the zeroth law of thermodynamicsB) must violate the first law of thermodynamicsC) must violate the second law of thermodynamicsD) must violate the third law of thermodynamicsE) does not necessarily violate any of the laws of thermodynamics
Q:
On a warm day a pool of water transfers energy to the air as heat and freezes. This is a direct violation of:
A) the zeroth law of thermodynamics
B) the first law of thermodynamics
C) the second law of thermodynamics
D) the third law of thermodynamics
E) none of the above
Q:
A Carnot refrigerator runs between a cold reservoir at temperature TLand a hot reservoir at temperature TH. You want to increase its coefficient of performance. Of the following, which change results in the greatest increase in the coefficient? The value of T is the same for all changes.A) Raise the temperature of the hot reservoir by TB) Raise the temperature of the cold reservoir by TC) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by TD) Lower the temperature of the cold reservoir by TE) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by (1/2)T and raise the temperature of the cold reservoir by (1/2)T
Q:
A reversible refrigerator operates between a low temperature reservoir at TLand a high temperature reservoir at TH. Its coefficient of performance is given by:A) (TH- TL)/TLB) TL/(TH- TL)C) (TH- TL)/THD) TH/(TH- TL)E) TH(TH+ TL)
Q:
A refrigerator absorbs energy of magnitude as heat from a low temperature reservoir and rejects energy of magnitude as heat to a high temperature reservoir. Work Wis done on the working substance. The coefficient of performance is given by:
Q:
A perfectly reversible heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 14 supplies energy to a building as heat to maintain its temperature at 27°C. If the pump motor does work at the rate of 1 kW, at what rate does the pump supply energy to the building?A) 15 kWB) 3.9 kWC) 1.4 kWD) 0.26 kWE) 0.067 kW
Q:
Is it possible to transfer energy from a low-temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir?
A) No, this violates the conservation of energy.
B) No, this violates the second law of thermodynamics.
C) Yes, this is what a heat engine does, and it can happen without the engine doing work.
D) Yes, this is what a refrigerator does, and it can happen without the refrigerator doing work.
E) Yes, this is what a refrigerator does, and the refrigerator must do work to make this happen.
Q:
A heat engine operates between 200 K and 100 K. In each cycle it takes 100 J from the hot reservoir, loses 25 J to the cold reservoir, and does 75 J of work. This heat engine violates:
A) both the first and second laws of thermodynamics
B) the first law but not the second law of thermodynamics
C) the second law but not the first law of thermodynamics
D) neither the first law nor the second law of thermodynamics
E) cannot answer without knowing the mechanical equivalent of heat
Q:
A heat engine in each cycle absorbs energy of magnitude as heat from a high temperature reservoir, does work of magnitude , and then absorbs energy of magnitude as heat from a low temperature reservoir. If this engine violates:A) the zeroth law of thermodynamicsB) the first law of thermodynamicsC) the second law of thermodynamicsD) the third law of thermodynamicsE) none of the above
Q:
Consider the following processes:
I. Energy flows as heat from a hot object to a colder object
II. Work is done on a system and an equivalent amount of energy is
rejected as heat by the system
III. Energy is absorbed as heat by a system and an equivalent amount
of work is done by the system
Which are never found to occur?
A) Only I
B) Only II
C) Only III
D) Only II and III
E) I, II and III
Q:
According to the second law of thermodynamics:
A) heat energy cannot be completely converted to work
B) work cannot be completely converted to heat energy
C) for all cyclic processes we have dQ/T < 0
D) the reason all heat engine efficiencies are less than 100% is friction, which is unavoidable
E) all of the above are true
Q:
A cyclical process that transfers energy as heat from a high temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir with no other change would violate:
A) the zeroth law of thermodynamics
B) the first law of thermodynamics
C) the second law of thermodynamics
D) the third law of thermodynamics
E) none of the above
Q:
A heat engine in each cycle absorbs energy from a reservoir as heat and does an equivalent amount of work, with no other changes. This engine violates:
A) the zeroth law of thermodynamics
B) the first law of thermodynamics
C) the second law of thermodynamics
D) the third law of thermodynamics
E) none of the above
Q:
A certain heat engine draws 500 cal/s from a water bath at 27°C and transfers 400 cal/s to a reservoir at a lower temperature. The efficiency of this engine is:A) 80%B) 75%C) 55%D) 25%E) 20%
Q:
Q:
According to the second law of thermodynamics:
A) all heat engines have the same efficiency
B) all reversible heat engines have the same efficiency
C) the efficiency of any heat engine is independent of its working substance
D) the efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the two reservoirs
E) all Carnot engines theoretically have 100% efficiency
Q:
A Carnot engine operates between 200ï‚°C and 20ï‚°C. Its maximum possible efficiency is:
A) 90%
B) 100%
C) 38%
D) 72%
E) 24%
Q:
The maximum theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between reservoirs at the steam point and at room temperature is about:
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 99%
Q:
A heat engine operates between a high temperature reservoir at THand a low temperature reservoir at TL. Its efficiency is given by 1 - TL/TH:A) only if the working substance is an ideal gasB) only if the engine is reversibleC) only if the engine is quasi-staticD) only if the engine operates on a Stirling cycleE) no matter what characteristics the engine has
Q:
A Carnot heat engine operates between a hot reservoir at absolute temperature THand a cold reservoir at absolute temperature TL. Its efficiency is:A) TH/TLB) TL/THC) 1 - TH/TLD) 1 - TL/THE) 100%
Q:
A Carnot cycle heat engine operates between 400 K and 500 K. Its efficiency is:
A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 44%
D) 80%
E) 100%
Q:
A Carnot heat engine runs between a cold reservoir at temperature TLand a hot reservoir at temperature TH. You want to increase its efficiency. Of the following, which change results in the greatest increase in efficiency? The value of T is the same for all changes.A) Raise the temperature of the hot reservoir by TB) Raise the temperature of the cold reservoir by TC) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by TD) Lower the temperature of the cold reservoir by TE) Lower the temperature of the hot reservoir by (1/2)T and raise the temperature of the cold reservoir by (1/2)T
Q:
The temperature TLof the cold reservoirs and the temperatures THof the hot reservoirs for four Carnot heat engines are
engine 1: TL= 400 K and TH= 500 K
engine 2: TL= 500 K and TH= 600 K
engine 3: TL= 400 K and TH= 600 K
engine 4: TL= 600 K and TH= 800 K
Rank these engines according to their efficiencies, least to greatest
A) 3, 4, 1, 2
B) 1 and 2 tie, then 3 and 4 tie
C) 2, 1, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4, 3
E) 2, 1, 4, 3
Q:
A Carnot engine operates with a cold reservoir at a temperature of TL= 400 K and a hot reservoir at a temperature of TH= 500 K. What is the net entropy change as it goes through a complete cycle?
A) 0 J/K
B) 20 J/K
C) 80 J/K
D) 400 J/K
E) 500 J/K
Q:
For one complete cycle of a reversible heat engine, which of the following quantities is NOT zero?
A) the change in the entropy of the working gas
B) the change in the pressure of the working gas
C) the change in the internal energy of the working gas
D) the work done by the working gas
E) the change in the temperature of the working gas
Q:
A Carnot cycle:
A) is bounded by two isotherms and two adiabats on a p-Vgraph
B) consists of two isothermal and two constant volume processes
C) is any four sided process on a p-Vgraph
D) only exists for an ideal gas
E) has an efficiency equal to the enclosed area on a p-Vdiagram
Q:
In a thermally insulated kitchen, an ordinary refrigerator is turned on and its door is left open. The temperature of the room:
A) remains constant according to the first law of thermodynamics
B) increases according to the first law of thermodynamics
C) decreases according to the first law of thermodynamics
D) remains constant according to the second law of thermodynamics
E) increases according to the second law of thermodynamics
Q:
An inventor suggests that a house might be heated by using a refrigerator to draw energy as heat from the ground and reject energy as heat into the house. He claims that the energy supplied to the house can exceed the work required to run the refrigerator. This:
A) is impossible by first law
B) is impossible by second law
C) would only work if the ground and the house were at the same temperature
D) is impossible since heat flows from the (hot) house to the (cold) ground
E) is possible
Q:
A heat engine that in each cycle does positive work and loses energy as heat, with no heat energy input, would violate:
A) the zeroth law of thermodynamics
B) the first law of thermodynamics
C) the second law of thermodynamics
D) the third law of thermodynamics
E) Newton's second law
Q:
A heat engine:
A) converts heat input to an equivalent amount of work
B) converts work to an equivalent amount of heat
C) takes heat in, does work, and loses energy as heat
D) uses positive work done on the system to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir
E) uses positive work done on the system to transfer heat from a high temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir
Q:
A force of 5 N stretches an elastic band at room temperature. The rate at which its entropy changes as it stretches is about:A) -2 x 10-2J/KmB) 2 x 10-2J/KmC) 1500 J/KmD) -1500 J/KmE) cannot be calculated without knowing the heat capacity
Q:
Let SI denote the change in entropy of a sample for an irreversible process from state A to state B. Let SRdenote the change in entropy of the same sample for a reversible process from state A to state B. Then:
A) SI >SR
B) SI = SR
C) SI <SR
D) SI = 0
E) SR= 0
Q:
The difference in entropy S= SB- SAfor two states A and B of a system can computed as the integral dQ/T provided:A) A and B are on the same adiabatB) A and B have the same temperatureC) a reversible path is used for the integralD) the change in internal energy is first computedE) the energy absorbed as heat by the system is first computed
Q:
Consider the following processes: The temperatures of two identical gases are increased from the same initial temperature to the same final temperature. Reversible processes are used. For gas A the process is carried out at constant volume while for gas B it is carried out at constant pressure. The change in entropy:
A) is the same for A and B
B) is greater for A
C) is greater for B
D) is greater for A only if the initial temperature is low
E) is greater for A only if the initial temperature is high
Q:
The temperature of nmoles of a gas is increased from Tito Tfat constant pressure. If the molar specific heat at constant pressure is Cpand is independent of temperature, then change in the entropy of the gas is:
A) nCpln(Tf/Ti)
B) nCpln(Ti/Tf)
C) nCpln(Tf" Ti)
D) nCpln(1 " Ti/Tf)
E) nCp(Tf" Ti)
Q:
An ideal gas, consisting of nmoles, undergoes an irreversible process in which the temperature has the same value at the beginning and end. If the volume changes from Vito Vf, the change in entropy is given by:
A) n R(Vf" Vi)
B) n R ln(Vf" Vi)
C) n R ln(Vi/Vf)
D) n R ln(Vf/Vi)
E) none of the above (entropy can't be calculated for an irreversible process)
Q:
One mole of an ideal gas expands reversibly and isothermally at temperature T until its volume is doubled. The change of entropy of this gas for this process is:
A) Rln2
B) (ln 2)/T
C) 0
D) RT ln2
E) 2R
Q:
An ideal gas, consisting of nmoles, undergoes a reversible isothermal process during which the volume changes from Vito Vf. The change in entropy of the thermal reservoir in contact with the gas is given by:A) nR(Vf- Vi)B) nRln(Vf- Vi)C) nRln(Vi/Vf)D) nRln(Vf/Vi)E) none of the above (entropy can't be calculated for the thermal reservoir)
Q:
An ideal gas is to taken reversibly from state i, at temperature T1, to other states labeled I, II, III, IV and V on the p-V diagram below. All are at the same temperature T2. Rank the five processes according to the change in entropy of the gas, least to greatest.A) I, II, III, IV, VB) V, IV, III, II, IC) I, then II, III, IV, and V tiedD) I, II, III, and IV, tied, then VE) I and V tied, then II, III, IV
Q:
Rank from smallest to largest, the changes in entropy of a pan of water on a hot plate, as the temperature of the water1_ goes from 20°to 30°C2_ goes from 30°to 40°C3_ goes from 40°to 45°C4_ goes from 80°to 85°CA) 1, 2, 3, 4B) 3, 4, 1, 2C) 1 and 2 tie, then 3 and 4 tieD) 3 and 4 tie, then 1 and 2 tieE) 4, 3, 2, 1
Q:
Consider all possible isothermal contractions of an ideal gas. The entropy of the gas:
A) does not change for any of them
B) does not decrease for any of them
C) does not increase for any of them
D) increases for all of them
E) decreases for all of them
Q:
A hot object and a cold object are placed in thermal contact and the combination is isolated. They transfer energy until they reach a common temperature. The change Shin the entropy of the hot object, the change Scin the entropy of the cold object, and the change Stotalin the entropy of the combination are:
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a state variable?
A) Work
B) Internal energy
C) Entropy
D) Temperature
E) Pressure
Q:
An ideal gas expands into a vacuum in a rigid vessel. As a result there is:
A) a change in entropy
B) an increase of pressure
C) a change in temperature
D) a decrease of internal energy
E) a change in phase
Q:
Which of the following processes leads to a change in entropy of zero for the system undergoing the process?
A) Non-cyclic isobaric (constant pressure)
B) Non-cyclic isochoric (constant volume)
C) Non-cyclic isothermal (constant temperature)
D) Any closed cycle
E) None of these
Q:
The change in entropy is zero for:
A) reversible adiabatic processes
B) reversible isothermal processes
C) reversible processes during which no work is done
D) reversible isobaric processes
E) all adiabatic processes
Q:
For all irreversible processes involving a system and its environment:
A) the entropy of the system does not change
B) the entropy of the system increases
C) the total entropy of the system and its environment does not change
D) the total entropy of the system and its environment increases
E) none of the above
Q:
For all reversible processes involving a system and its environment:
A) the entropy of the system does not change
B) the entropy of the system increases
C) the total entropy of the system and its environment does not change
D) the total entropy of the system and its environment increases
E) none of the above
Q:
For all adiabatic processes:
A) the entropy does not change
B) the entropy increases
C) the entropy decreases
D) the entropy does not increase
E) the entropy does not decrease
Q:
Possible units of entropy are:A) JB) J/KC) J-1D) liter.atmE) cal/mol
Q:
A slow (quasi-static) process is NOT reversible if:
A) the temperature changes
B) energy is absorbed or emitted as heat
C) work is done on the system
D) friction is present
E) the pressure changes
Q:
In a reversible process the system:
A) is always close to equilibrium states
B) is close to equilibrium states only at the beginning and end
C) might never be close to any equilibrium state
D) is close to equilibrium states throughout, except at the beginning and end
E) is none of the above
Q:
If a gas expands freely into a vacuum,
A) the expansion is adiabatic, so the gas does work on its environment and its internal energy decreases.
B) the expansion is isothermal.
C) the expansion is occurs at constant pressure.
D) the expansion is adiabatic but no work is done, so the internal energy of the gas and its temperature both decrease.
E) the expansion is adiabatic but no work is done, so the internal energy of the gas and its temperature do not change.
Q:
Monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic ideal gases each undergo slow adiabatic expansions from the same initial volume and the same initial pressure to the same final volume. The magnitude of the work done by the environment on the gas:
A) is greatest for the polyatomic gas
B) is greatest for the diatomic gas
C) is greatest for the monatomic gas
D) is the same only for the diatomic and polyatomic gases
E) is the same for all three gases
Q:
During a reversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, which of the following is NOT true?
Q:
In an adiabatic contraction,
A) the temperature of the gas does not change.
B) the gas does work on the environment, and the internal energy of the gas decreases.
C) the environment does work on the gas, and the internal energy of the gas increases.
D) the volume of the gas does not change.
E) the pressure of the gas does not change.
Q:
In an adiabatic expansion,
A) the temperature of the gas does not change.
B) the gas does work on the environment, and the internal energy of the gas decreases.
C) the environment does work on the gas, and the internal energy of the gas increases.
D) the volume of the gas does not change.
E) the pressure of the gas does not change.
Q:
An adiabatic process for an ideal gas is represented on a p-Vdiagram by:
A) a horizontal line
B) a vertical line
C) a hyperbola
D) a circle
E) none of these
Q:
During a slow adiabatic expansion of a gas:
A) the pressure remains constant
B) energy is added as heat
C) work is done on the gas
D) no energy enters or leaves as heat
E) the temperature is constant
Q:
TV is constant for an ideal gas undergoing an adiabatic process, where is the ratio of heat capacities Cp/Cv. This is a direct consequence of:A) the zeroth law of thermodynamics aloneB) the zeroth law and the ideal gas equation of stateC) the first law of thermodynamics aloneD) the ideal gas equation of state aloneE) the first law and the equation of state
Q:
The temperature of nmoles of an ideal monatomic gas is increased by T at constant volume. The energy Qabsorbed as heat, change Eintin internal energy, and work Wdone by the environment are given by:
Q:
The temperature of n moles of an ideal monatomic gas is increased by T at constant pressure. The energy Qabsorbed as heat, change Eint in internal energy, and work Wdone by the environment are given by:
Q:
When work Wis done on an ideal gas of diatomic molecules in thermal isolation the increase in the total translational kinetic energy of the molecules is:
A) 0
B) 2W/3
C) 2W/5
D) 3W/5
E) W