Q&A Hero

Q: The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families: A. are also homosexual. B. have a heterosexual orientation. C. are likely to be bisexual. D.

Q: Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that: A. Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice. B. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health. C. Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation. D.

Q: Approximately _____ percent of gay men are parents. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D.

Q: Approximately _____ percent of lesbians are parents. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D.

Q: Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about _____ percent of their predivorce income. A. zero to one-fourth B. one half to three fourth C. one-fourth to one-half D.

Q: Which of the following is true of children in divorced families? A. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems. B. Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives. C. Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families. D.

Q: It is estimated that approximately _____ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce. A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D.

Q: Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Anne Crouter would say that: A. Kim's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Maribel's children. B. Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children. C. both Maribel and Kim's children are likely to do poorly in school. D.

Q: Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children? A. The nature of the parents' work is a more important determinant of children's development. B. Children of working mothers are less likely to develop a secure attachment to their parents. C. Children (especially girls) of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping. D.

Q: Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families? A. Canada B. The United States C. Germany D.

Q: Why do more researchers think that birth order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? A. There are no clear patterns of birth order influences on personality. B. With continued study on birth order influences, the findings are bound to create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth-order. C. The pattern of birth order influences that scientists describe are largely speculation and are not based on evidence. D.

Q: Firstborn and only children are alike in that both are _____ than later-born children. A. more anxious B. less self-controlled C. more dependent on adults D.

Q: Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? A. There is no observable variation in sibling relationships. B. Most siblings report not really knowing each other very well. C. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships. D.

Q: Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that: A. it is best to not intervene in sibling conflict and to allow them to work it out on their own. B. it is best to let sibling conflicts escalate so that children learn coping strategies to handle anger and disagreement with peers. C. intervening and helping children resolve sibling conflict are not good strategies. D.

Q: According to a study, maltreated young children in foster care were _____ than middle-SES young children living with their birth family. A. less likely to be depressed and engage in suicidal ideation as adults B. less likely to engage in violent romantic relationships, delinquency, sexual risk taking, and substance abuse C. more likely to show abnormal stress hormone levels D.

Q: About _____ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children. A. half B. three-quarter C. one-third D.

Q: Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes: A. verbal abuse. B. sexual abuse. C. child neglect. D.

Q: Damian's parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes: A. physical abuse. B. mental injury. C. child neglect. D.

Q: Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes: A. verbal abuse. B. sexual abuse. C. child neglect. D.

Q: The public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term _____. A. child neglect B. child maltreatment C. child battery D.

Q: In 2009, approximately 702,000 U.S. children were found to be victims of child abuse at least once during that year. _____ of these children were abused by their parent(s). A. Ten percent B. Twenty-five percent C. Fifty-four percent D.

Q: Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of: A. joint parenting. B. cooperative parenting. C. collaborative parenting. D.

Q: Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister, again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should: A. spank Becky; she is too young to understand reasoning. B. explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others. C. send Becky to bed without dinner; she is too young to understand reasoning. D.

Q: Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior, according to most child psychologists? A. Mild spanking, calculated not to hurt the child. B. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement. C. Shouting at the child just enough to get the point across. D.

Q: Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A. higher levels of immediate compliance. B. lower levels of mental health. C. higher levels of moral internalization. D.

Q: According to a cross-cultural survey, in which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment? A. The United States B. South Korea C. Spain D.

Q: Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment? A. Sweden B. Spain C. South Korea D.

Q: In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about _____ percent reported that they frequently yelled at their children. A. 97 B. 7 C. 2 D.

Q: A national survey of U.S. parents with 3- and 4-year-old children found that _____ percent of parents reported spanking their children frequently. A. 36 B. 26 C. 50 D.

Q: Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that: A. the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting. B. "authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting, whether the parent is Asian American, African American, or European American. C. contrary to stereotypes, Asian parents are indulgent and permissive. D.

Q: Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also accepting and responsive? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Indulgent parenting C. Authoritative parenting D.

Q: Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting and unresponsive? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Indulgent parenting C. Authoritative parenting D.

Q: Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Indulgent parenting C. Authoritative parenting D.

Q: Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Authoritative parenting C. Indulgent parenting D.

Q: Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Authoritative parenting C. Indulgent parenting D.

Q: In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Authoritative parenting C. Indulgent parenting D.

Q: Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. Later, his mother talks to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Authoritative parenting C. Indulgent parenting D.

Q: Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the TV set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it on the previous day, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: Josh's mother makes his favorite foodburgers, fries, and pizzaevery night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. indulgent D.

Q: According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. indulgent D.

Q: Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive? A. Authoritarian parenting B. Indulgent parenting C. Authoritative parenting D.

Q: Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) _____. A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law". Juan is probably a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: Suzie, aged three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n): A. authoritarian parent. B. authoritative parent. C. indulgent parent. D.

Q: Which of the following fuels gender typing? A. Gender schema B. Gender identity C. Gender bias D.

Q: Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. A. identities B. roles C. schemas D.

Q: Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing _____. A. preferences B. schemas C. roles D.

Q: A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male. A. role B. identity C. bias D.

Q: A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions. A. format B. schema C. subset D.

Q: Girls are more likely to engage in _____, in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner. A. collaborative discourse B. rough-and-tumble play C. ego display D.

Q: In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward: A. boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are. B. girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys. C. girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are. D.

Q: Children between the age of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of: A. mixed ages. B. the same sex as theirs. C. both boys and girls. D.

Q: Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates. A. three B. one C. two D.

Q: Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles? A. A little girl in boy's clothing B. A little boy playing with a doll C. A little boy playing with a toy truck D.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children's gender development? A. In many cultures, mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters. B. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children. C. Mothers, rather than fathers, are psychologically important to their children's gender development. D.

Q: Karen is often praised for her gender typical behavior. Her parents make statements like "Karen, you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for which theory of gender development? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. The social cognitive theory C. The evolutionary psychology view D.

Q: According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____. A. Oedipus complex B. Electra complex C. Pygmalion effect D.

Q: The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls? A. Galatea effect B. Electra complex C. Golem effect D.

Q: According to Freud, at what age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite-sex because of anxious feelings? A. 3 or 4 years of age B. 9 or 10 years of age C. 5 or 6 years of age D.

Q: This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. A. The psychoanalytic theory of gender B. The social cognitive theory of gender C. The evolutionary psychology view of gender D.

Q: According to the UNICEF (2011), in most cultures around the world: A. women have less power than men but are given a higher social status. B. women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources. C. men have less power and status than women, and they control most of the resources. D.

Q: The social role theory suggests that: A. the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing. B. the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past. C. social roles are chosen, not determined. D.

Q: The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT: A. the evolutionary psychology view. B. the social role theory. C. the psychoanalytic theory. D.

Q: Psychological evolutionary theories of gender differences fail to take into account: A. cultural and individual variations in gender differences. B. intelligent speculations about the roles of men and women in prehistoric times. C. the differing roles in reproduction for both males and females. D.

Q: According to evolutionary psychologists, natural selection favored females who chose: A. multiple partners to have many children. B. a mate who would stay home and help raise the children than provide resources. C. ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection. D.

Q: _____ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking. A. Psychoanalytic B. Evolutionary C. Behavioral D.

Q: Which of the following hormones is an estrogen? A. Testosterone B. Androstenedione C. Insulin D.

Q: Which of the following hormones is an androgen? A. Testosterone B. Progesterone C. Estradiol D.

Q: _____ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics. A. Androgens B. Estrogens C. Progesterone D.

Q: _____ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics. A. Androgens B. Estrogens C. Testosterone D.

Q: Gonads are: A. the two main classes of sex hormones. B. ovaries in females and testes in males. C. estrogens. D.

Q: Low levels of _____ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs. A. estradiol B. progesterone C. estrogens D.

Q: Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting: A. inappropriate behavior. B. sex-typed behavior. C. rebellious behavior. D.

Q: Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. A. acquisition B. reflection C. typing D.

Q: Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age. A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D.