Q&A Hero

Q: Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially, Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover, registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance. After a time, her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of: A. object permanence. B. sociability. C. attachment. D.

Q: A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of: A. sociability. B. scaffolding. C. emotionality. D.

Q: Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding? A. Child-directed speech B. The Strange Situation C. A game of peek-a-boo D.

Q: Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding? A. Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents. B. The caregiver and infant focus on the same object or event. C. Mothers and their infants interact in a dance-like pattern of closely coordinated actions. D.

Q: The behaviors of mothers and infants involve substantial interconnection, mutual regulation, and synchronization. This temporal coordination of social behavior is termed A. reflexive temporal nurturing B. Parsonian functionalism C. dyadic development D.

Q: When a mother plays peek-a-boo with her baby she moves from covering the baby and saying "peek-a-boo" to covering her own eyes and saying it. This illustrates: A. sociability. B. scaffolding. C. emotionality. D.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization? A. It is bidirectional. B. It is asynchronous. C. It is nontransactional. D.

Q: When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face _____ and must adapt. A. equilibrium B. disturbance C. disequilibrium D.

Q: The _____ mandated a paid 14-week maternity leave in 1992. A. United Nations B. United States C. European Union D.

Q: Which of the following is a neuropeptide hormone that is important in the formation of the maternal-infant bond? A. Vasopressin B. Insulin C. Adrenaline D.

Q: _____ refers to a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure. A. Nucleus accumbens B. Corpus callosum C. Hippocampus D.

Q: _____, a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth. A. Adrenaline B. Oxytocin C. Vasopressin D.

Q: Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is most likely to develop a(n) _____ toward her. A. insecure avoidant attachment B. insecure disorganized attachment C. insecure resistant attachment D.

Q: Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother. A. secure attachment B. insecure avoidant attachment C. insecure resistant attachment D.

Q: Recent studies find that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when: A. the infants' other-consciousness is poorly developed in the first six months after birth. B. mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants. C. maternal nutrition was deficient during the prenatal period. D.

Q: Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ plays a more important role in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge. A. the child's genetic characteristics and temperament B. the quality of parenting C. security of attachment to a primary caregiver D.

Q: _____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. A. Reciprocal socializations B. Developmental cascades C. Secure attachments D.

Q: The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes. A. internal working B. external working C. Strange Situation D.

Q: According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations. A. extraverted B. insecurely attached C. easily adaptable D.

Q: Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being _____. A. securely attached B. extremely inhibited C. difficult D.

Q: Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE? A. There will be no differences in their social functioning by age 8. B. Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulty in elementary school than Jason. C. Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason. D.

Q: In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalentboth wanting to be comforted by his mother, but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being: A. securely attached. B. insecure avoidant. C. insecure resistant. D.

Q: Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being _____. A. insecurely attached B. extremely inhibited C. securely attached D.

Q: Tiara is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as being _____. A. insecure avoidant B. insecure disorganized C. insecure resistant D.

Q: Which of the following babies would appear disoriented in the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth? A. Tina who is securely attached to her caregiver. B. Henry who is an insecure resistant baby. C. Clara who is an insecure disorganized baby. D.

Q: Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being _____. A. securely attached B. insecure disorganized C. insecure resistant D.

Q: Insecure avoidant babies show: A. displeasure by violently reacting to the situation. B. insecurity by avoiding the caregiver. C. secure attachment to the caregiver. D.

Q: Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being _____. A. securely attached B. insecure avoidant C. insecure resistant D.

Q: Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as being _____. A. resistant B. avoidant C. attached D.

Q: Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being _____. A. insecure resistant B. insecure avoidant C. securely attached D.

Q: In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being _____. A. securely attached B. insecure disorganized C. insecure resistant D.

Q: According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because: A. it is a controlled, artificial situation. B. there is too little control of contextual factors in it. C. its information is biased by observers' impressions. D.

Q: In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being: A. securely attached. B. trusting attached. C. agape-love attached. D.

Q: In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as being: A. securely attached. B. insecure avoidant. C. insecure resistant. D.

Q: When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is: A. securely attached. B. insecure avoidant. C. insecure resistant. D.

Q: The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to: A. crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side. B. move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger. C. experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present. D.

Q: According to John Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as: A. being independent. B. deserving of nurturant care. C. deserving of constant attention. D.

Q: John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment. A. external working B. internal working C. external passive D.

Q: Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in? A. Phase 1 B. Phase 2 C. Phase 4 D.

Q: According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2? A. From 2 to 7 months B. From birth to 2 months C. From 12 to 24 months D.

Q: According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3? A. From birth to 2 months B. From 2 to 7 months C. From 7 to 24 months D.

Q: According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3? A. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people. B. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. C. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions. D.

Q: According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last? A. From 10 to 18 months B. From birth to 2 months C. From 2 to 7 months D.

Q: In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver? A. Phase 3 B. Phase 1 C. Phase 2 D.

Q: Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment? A. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. B. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions. C. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver. D.

Q: According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting? A. Before 6 months B. Between 12 to 18 months C. Between 18 to 20 months D.

Q: During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is most likely to occur? A. An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers. B. An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. C. An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father. D.

Q: According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants. A. physical comfort and sensitive care B. feeding and physical comfort C. contact comfort and feeding D.

Q: What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? A. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process. B. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. C. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process. D.

Q: According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object: A. that is perceived to be a non-stranger. B. that provides physical comfort. C. that provides oral satisfaction. D.

Q: Quimby, 15 months old, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in: A. social checking. B. social scoping. C. social referencing. D.

Q: Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected? A. In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed B. In infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity C. In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing D.

Q: What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation? A. Social referencing B. Deferred imitation C. Infinite generativity D.

Q: Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions? A. Habituation B. Joint attention C. Core knowledge approach D.

Q: Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably: A. around 6 months old. B. between 6 and 9 months old. C. between 12 and 18 months old. D.

Q: Which of the following observations about social orientation of infants is FALSE? A. As early as 2 to 3 months of age, infants show more negative emotions when their caregivers are still and unresponsive. B. The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after 7 months of age as infants become more mobile. C. At 2 to 3 months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a positive behavior. D.

Q: By 2 to 3 months of age, most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a behavior, such as a smile or a vocalization. This finding has been discovered using a method called the: A. regulation of affect. B. parallel paradigm. C. still-face paradigm. D.

Q: Tara holds her 2-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in: A. face-to-face play. B. parallel play. C. joint attention. D.

Q: What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children? A. Overprotectiveness and criticism B. Neglectfulness and indifference C. Enmeshment and fear D.

Q: Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt. A. curiosity B. dependence C. autonomy D.

Q: Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely: A. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot. B. touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose. C. touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose. D.

Q: Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will most likely: A. touch his own nose to wipe off the spot. B. touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose. C. touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose. D.

Q: Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of: A. trust. B. attachment. C. temperament. D.

Q: Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant? A. Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled. B. Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops. C. Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child. D.

Q: Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden in their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns: A. goodness of fit. B. nonreciprocal interactions. C. social dysfunction. D.

Q: _____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. A. Social referencing B. Secure attachment C. Goodness of fit D.

Q: An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A. low thyroxine level. B. stable heart rate. C. high level of the hormone cortisol. D.

Q: In North America, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued. A. active; inhibited B. inhibited; active C. inner focused; outward focused D.

Q: According to Jerome Kagan, temperament: A. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by the environment. B. is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment. C. is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input. D.

Q: The recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances. A. extraversion B. extreme inhibition C. negative affectivity D.

Q: According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament, in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into? A. Self-regulation B. Negative affectivity C. Extraversion/surgency D.

Q: Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories? A. Emotionality, social ability, and activity level B. Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control C. Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up D.

Q: Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on: A. inhibition to the unfamiliar. B. positive or negative mood state. C. effortful control. D.

Q: Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as: A. a passive child. B. an easy child. C. a slow-to-warm-up child. D.

Q: In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy. A. 25 B. 30 C. 40 D.

Q: Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as: A. an easy child. B. a difficult child. C. a slow-to-warm-up child. D.

Q: When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have? A. Slow-to-warm-up B. Easy C. Difficult D.

Q: "Easy child", "difficult child", and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. A. trust B. emotion C. attachment D.

Q: _____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. A. Attachment B. Temperament C. Perception D.

Q: Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that _____ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and caregiver. A. a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries B. ignoring the infant's cries C. forcefully telling the infant not to cry D.